[[VIPR翻訳]] ####### 272K TEXAS #######;;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272001N;独立か合邦か;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272001D;テキサスが自分の生きる道を思うままにできたのは、わずかに10年程度の間であった。我々はこのテキサスをこのまま独立国として自活させていくか、それともアメリカ合衆国の一員とさせるか、選択すべき時を迎えている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272001D;テキサスが自分の生きる道を思うままにできたのは、わずかに10年程度の\n間であった。我々はこのテキサスをこのまま独立国として自活させていくか\nそれともアメリカ合衆国の一員とさせるか、選択すべき時を迎えている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272001A;アメリカ合衆国の一州となる;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272001B;独立を厳格に守っていく;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272002N;メキシコが再度侵略;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272002D;メキシコはベラスコ条約の受諾を拒み、戦争を続けることを選んだ。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272002A;なんということだ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272003N;メキシコがベラスコ条約を受諾;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272003D;テキサス軍はメキシコ軍をサンハシントの戦いで撃破した。メキシコ政府もその運命を受け入れるべき時が来たと悟ったようで、さらなる劣勢に追い込まれる前にベラスコ条約を受諾してしまった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272003D;テキサス軍はメキシコ軍をサンハシントの戦いで撃破した。メキシコ政府\nもその運命を受け入れるべき時が来たと悟ったようで、さらなる劣勢に\n追い込まれる前にベラスコ条約を受諾してしまった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272004N;メキシコがベラスコ条約を否認;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272004D;メキシコはベラスコ条約の受諾を拒んだが、さしあたってはテキサスから撤退しているようだ。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272004D;メキシコはベラスコ条約の受諾を拒んだが、さしあたってはテキサスから\n撤退しているようだ。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272004A;思うままにことを運ばせるんだ！;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272004B;何もないよりましだ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272004C;降参しないならこちらが出る番だ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272005N;第二の和平条約;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272005D;メキシコはベラスコ条約を拒否したが、アメリカ合衆国が我が国と同盟してくれた。そしてついに、テキサス軍はメキシコ軍を再び撃破することに成功したのだった。さて、これからどうするべきだろうか？;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272005D;メキシコはベラスコ条約を拒否したが、アメリカ合衆国が我が国と同盟\nしてくれた。そしてついに、テキサス軍はメキシコ軍を再び撃破することに\n成功したのだった。さて、これからどうするべきだろうか？;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272005A;和平を申し出る;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272005B;彼らなりに出番というものがあるさ;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272006D;メキシコがベラスコ条約を拒否して戦争を継続し、我が国はアメリカ合衆国に助けを求めたが得られたものは何もなかった。しかしテキサス軍は、メキシコ軍を撃破することに成功している。和平を申し出るべきだろうか？;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272006D;メキシコがベラスコ条約を拒否して戦争を継続し、我が国は\nアメリカ合衆国に助けを求めたが得られたものは何もなかった。\nしかしテキサス軍は、メキシコ軍を撃破することに成功している。\n和平を申し出るべきだろうか？;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272007N;メキシコ内戦;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272007D;国境のかなた、メキシコ国内は政変に武力衝突と並ならぬ事態に陥っている。テキサスも情勢を注視していく必要がありそうだが、一方の肩を持つべきだろうか？それとも、静観を続けていくべきだろうか？;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272007D;国境のかなた、メキシコ国内は政変に武力衝突と並ならぬ事態に陥っ\nている。テキサスも情勢を注視していく必要がありそうだが、一方の肩を\n持つべきだろうか？それとも、静観を続けていくべきだろうか？;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272007A;進歩派を支援する;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272007B;中立を保つ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272007C;教会派を支援する;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272008N;ヨーロッパのメキシコ介入;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272008D;数年にわたる内戦とそれに引き続く自由主義改革により、メキシコ政府の国庫は急速に底をつきつつある。そこでメキシコ政府は国債の償還を引き伸ばさざるを得なくなったが、このことによりロンドンやパリでは債権者が抗議運動を繰り広げるようになった。そして列強諸国はメキシコへの介入を決定したのだ。この影響はきっとテキサスにも及ぶことだろう。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272008D;数年にわたる内戦とそれに引き続く自由主義改革により、メキシコ政\n府の国庫は急速に底をつきつつある。そこでメキシコ政府は国債の償\n還を引き伸ばさざるを得なくなったが、このことによりロンドンやパリでは債\n権者が抗議運動を繰り広げるようになった。そして列強諸国はメキシコ\nへの介入を決定したのだ。この影響はきっとテキサスにも及ぶことだろう。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272008A;我々には関係ない話だ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272008B;メキシコがヨーロッパ人の支配下に入るのは座視できない;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272009N;メキシコ皇帝;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272009D;ヨーロッパ諸国の介入を受けてメキシコ政府は彼らと交渉し、何とか合意を取り付けることに成功した。しかし列強の中で唯一これを拒んだのが、フランスだった。フランス政府はメキシコの実権を握ることに強い関心を持っているようで、保守派や聖職者の支持を得てオーストリアの皇太子をメキシコ皇帝として即位させた。これが皇帝マクシミリアンの誕生だった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272009D;ヨーロッパ諸国の介入を受けてメキシコ政府は彼らと交渉し、何とか合意\nを取り付けることに成功した。しかし列強の中で唯一これを拒んだのが、\nフランスだった。フランス政府はメキシコの実権を握ることに強い関心を\n持っているようで、保守派や聖職者の支持を得てオーストリアの皇太子を\nメキシコ皇帝として即位させた。これが皇帝マクシミリアンの誕生だった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272009A;マクシミリアンを承認し、支援する;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272009B;マクシミリアンを否認する;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272010N;メキシコ解放;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272010D;ヨーロッパ人に抑圧されていたメキシコを、我が国は解放した。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272010A;メキシコ万歳！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272011N;第二次メキシコ内戦への介入;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272011D;ポルフィリオ・ディアスはメキシコの独裁者として、35年にわたり大統領の座を独占してきた。だが現在、メキシコでは反乱の嵐が吹き荒れ、内戦にまで発展してしまった。反政府運動は様々な側面、分野について行われ、その首謀者の一団にはフランシスコ・マデロ、パンチョ・ビージャ、エミリアーノ・サパタ、パスカル・オロスコといった著名人も含まれている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272011D;ポルフィリオ・ディアスはメキシコの独裁者として、35年にわたり大統領の\n座を独占してきた。だが現在、メキシコでは反乱の嵐が吹き荒れ、内\n戦にまで発展してしまった。反政府運動は様々な側面、分野について\n行われ、その首謀者の一団にはフランシスコ・マデロ、パンチョ・ビージャ、\nエミリアーノ・サパタ、パスカル・オロスコといった著名人も含まれている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272011A;後背地を守っていかねば;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272011B;事態が落ち着くまで待とう;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272012N;テキサスのユカタン反乱軍支援;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272012D;ラマー大統領は、テキサスはユカタンの独立を承認すべきであり、またユカタンと連合してメキシコに宣戦してはどうかと考えている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272012D;ラマー大統領は、テキサスはユカタンの独立を承認すべきであり、また\nユカタンと連合してメキシコに宣戦してはどうかと考えている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272012A;介入するつもりはない;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272012B;ユカタンの民衆を助けよう;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272013N;ソノラ購入;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272013D;テキサス軍部は太平洋への出口を得るため、メキシコ北部の領土を購入すべきではないかと主張している。だがこれを知ったアメリカ合衆国からテキサスに通達が送られてきた。それによれば、領土購入契約が締結されたとしてもアメリカ合衆国はこれを強迫によるものだとみなし、したがってその正当性が認められなくなるばかりか、テキサスは何らかの報いを受けることになるだろう、との意思を明確にしている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272013D;テキサス軍部は太平洋への出口を得るため、メキシコ北部の領土を購\n入すべきではないかと主張している。だがこれを知ったアメリカ合衆国か\nらテキサスに通達が送られてきた。それによれば、領土購入契約が締\n結されたとしてもアメリカ合衆国はこれを強迫によるものだとみなし、した\nがってその正当性が認められなくなるばかりか、テキサスは何らかの報い\nを受けることになるだろう、との意思を明確にしている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272013A;取引を申し出よう;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272013B;必要ないな;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272015D;我が国の申し出をメキシコは了解してくれた！今やテキサスはソノラを領有し、太平洋への出口を手中に収めたのだ。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272015D;我が国の申し出をメキシコは了解してくれた！今やテキサスはソノラを\n領有し、太平洋への出口を手中に収めたのだ。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272016N;テキサス・メキシコ国境紛争;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272016D;国境を挟んでにらみ合うテキサスとメキシコの緊張関係は、ついに危機と呼ぶべき水準にまで到達してしまった。メキシコ軍の部隊がリオグランデ川を超え、テキサス国民にちょっかいを出したり国境の町を制圧したりしている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272016D;国境を挟んでにらみ合うテキサスとメキシコの緊張関係は、ついに\n危機と呼ぶべき水準にまで到達してしまった。メキシコ軍の部隊が\nリオグランデ川を超え、テキサス国民にちょっかいを出したり国境の\n町を制圧したりしている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272016B;外交的解決を図る;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272017N;メキシコ帝国;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272017D;メキシコで帝政が成立した今、テキサスの対墨政策は検討を迫られている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272017D;メキシコで帝政が成立した今、テキサスの対墨政策は\n検討を迫られている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272017A;皇帝を支持;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272017C;フアレスを支持;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272018N;マクシミリアン支持;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272018D;テキサス政府はメキシコシティーやパリ、ウィーンに代表団を送り、メキシコ皇帝マクシミリアンの正統性を承認するとともに支援しようとの意を表明した。一方アメリカ合衆国は、我が国の立場には首肯しかねると主張している。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272018D;テキサス政府はメキシコシティーやパリ、ウィーンに代表団を送り、\nメキシコ皇帝マクシミリアンの正統性を承認するとともに支援しよう\nとの意を表明した。一方アメリカ合衆国は、我が国の立場には\n首肯しかねると主張している。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272018A;マクシミリアン万歳;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272019N;メキシコ帝政の再建;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272019D;テキサス軍がメキシコシティーに入城し、メキシコの帝政復活を宣言した。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272020N;ホームステッド控除法;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272020D;1839年、テキサス議会はホームステッド控除法を可決した。これは借金返済の名目で貸金業者が農地を差し押さえてしまうのを禁止するものである。類似の法令は他国でもすぐに採用されていったが、テキサスはそれらに先駆けてホームステッド法を成立させたのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272020D;1839年、テキサス議会はホームステッド控除法を可決した。これは借金\n返済の名目で貸金業者が農地を差し押さえてしまうのを禁止するもの\nである。類似の法令は他国でもすぐに採用されていったが、テキサスはそ\nれらに先駆けてホームステッド法を成立させたのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272020A;必要な施策だ;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272021N;サンタフェ出征;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272021D;ニューメキシコの土地にテキサスが領有権を主張していることについて、ラマー大統領はこれを補強するためサンタフェへ遠征軍を派遣してはどうかと言ってきた。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272021D;ニューメキシコの土地にテキサスが領有権を主張していることについて、\nラマー大統領はこれを補強するためサンタフェへ遠征軍を派遣しては\nどうかと言ってきた。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272021A;議会が金を出さないさ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272021B;議会は説得済みだ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272021B;議会は説得済みだ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272022N;サンタフェ出征が成功;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272022D;ニューメキシコの領有権を主張するため、志願者が集まるとサンタフェ出征は決行された。先住民の妨害や供給不足に耐えつつ、遠征隊は徐々に北西へと進軍し、そしてついにアルミホ州知事率いるメキシコ軍を撃破したのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272022D;ニューメキシコの領有権を主張するため、志願者が集まるとサンタフェ出\n征は決行された。先住民の妨害や供給不足に耐えつつ、遠征隊は徐\n々に北西へと進軍し、そしてついにアルミホ州知事率いるメキシコ軍を\n撃破したのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272022A;成功だ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272023N;サンタフェ出征が失敗;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272023D;ニューメキシコの領有権を主張するため、志願者が集まるとサンタフェ出征は決行された。先住民の妨害や供給不足に耐えつつ、遠征隊は徐々に北西へと進軍した。だがアルミホ州知事率いるメキシコ軍に撃破されてしまったのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272023D;ニューメキシコの領有権を主張するため、志願者が集まるとサンタフェ出\n征は決行された。先住民の妨害や供給不足に耐えつつ、遠征隊は徐\n々に北西へと進軍した。だがアルミホ州知事率いるメキシコ軍に撃破さ\nれてしまったのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272023A;降参だ;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272024N;ニューメキシコ民兵;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272024D;ニューメキシコで反乱が発生した。反乱軍はテキサスへの宣戦布告を表明しており、メキシコ政府もこれを受けてテキサスに宣戦してきた。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272024D;ニューメキシコで反乱が発生した。反乱軍はテキサスへの宣戦布告を\n表明しており、メキシコ政府もこれを受けてテキサスに宣戦してきた。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272024A;この地は我々のものだ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272027N;テキサス共和国の首都;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272027D;1835年にテキサス共和国が建国してからというものの、その首都をどこにするかについては熱く議論が戦わされてきた。そして1850年、この問題を解決するために国民投票が行われた。その結果オースティンがヒューストンを大差で破り、テキサス共和国の首都に選定された。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272027D;1835年にテキサス共和国が建国されてからというものの、その首都\nをどこにするかについては熱く議論が戦わされてきた。そして1850年\nこの問題を解決するために国民投票が行われた。その結果\nオースティンがヒューストンを大差で破り、テキサス共和国の首都に\n選定された。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272027A;オースティンを選ぶ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272027B;ヒューストンを選ぶ;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272028N;イギリス・テキサス協定;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272028D;メキシコはテキサス共和国を国家として承認することはなかった。だがテキサスを撃破して併合するのは実際に不可能だったのも事実である。そして1840年、テキサス政府はメキシコとの合意形成のため、イギリスに仲介を依頼した。この際もメキシコは依然としてテキサスの承認を拒んだものの、こうした流れによってテキサスとイギリスの外交関係は改善することになった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272028D;メキシコはテキサス共和国を国家として承認することはなかった。だが\nテキサスを撃破して併合するのは実際に不可能だったのも事実である。\nそして1840年、テキサス政府はメキシコとの合意形成のため、イギリス\nに仲介を依頼した。この際もメキシコは依然としてテキサスの承認を\n拒んだものの、こうした流れによってテキサスとイギリスの外交関係は\n改善することになった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272028A;将来に向けた大きな一歩だ;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272033N;議場での戦闘;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272033D;テキサスの先住民コマンチェによる誘拐行為には政府当局も頭を抱えていた。しかし当局の交渉にはコマンチェ人も折れた。人質が1840年にサンアントニオで解放されることになり、その条件を詰めるため協議が行われだしたのだ。だが約束の日、コマンチェ人が連れてきた人質は1人だけだった。そこでテキサス側はコマンチェの首長5人を拘束し、その結果コマンチェ人らは武器を取り、戦闘になった。この戦いで30人が死亡し、27人を捕虜としたが、コマンチェ側は残りの人質を皆殺しにしてしまった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272033D;テキサスの先住民コマンチェによる誘拐行為には政府当局も頭を抱えて\nいた。しかし当局の交渉にはコマンチェ人も折れた。人質が1840年に\nサンアントニオで解放されることになり、その条件を詰めるため協議が\n行われだしたのだ。だが約束の日、コマンチェ人が連れてきた人質は1人\nだけだった。そこでテキサス側はコマンチェの首長5人を拘束し、その結果\nコマンチェ人らは武器を取り、戦闘になった。この戦いで30人が死亡し、\n27人を捕虜としたが、コマンチェ側は残りの人質を皆殺しにしてしまった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272033A;和平を求めていたのだが;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272034N;プラムクリークの戦い;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272034D;「議場での戦い」から数ヶ月たち、コマンチェ人は大規模な報復行為に出た。テキサス領内に深く侵入し、略奪をはたらいたのだ。だが結局、彼らは追い詰められてプラムクリークで撃破された。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272034D;「議場での戦い」から数ヶ月たち、コマンチェ人は大規模な報復行為に\n出た。テキサス領内に深く侵入し、略奪をはたらいたのだ。だが結局、\n彼らは追い詰められてプラムクリークで撃破された。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272034A;今なら和平交渉も可能だろうか;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272035N;ようやくの和平達成;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272035D;プラムクリークでの敗戦を受けて、コマンチェ人の間にもテキサス政府との恒久的な和平を築いてはどうかとの機運が高まってきた。そこで首長らは1843年9月29日、バーズフォートで評議会を開き、そこでようやく我が国との和平条約が調印されることになった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272035A;輝かしいときだ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272035D;プラムクリークでの敗戦を受けて、コマンチェ人の間にもテキサス政府との\n恒久的な和平を築いてはどうかとの機運が高まってきた。そこで首長らは\n1843年9月29日、バーズフォートで評議会を開き、そこでようやく我が国\nとの和平条約が調印されることになった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272035A;輝かしい出来事だ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272036N;テキサス海軍の創立;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272036D;1835年11月25日、テキサス海軍の創設に向け4艘のスクーナー船を購入する、という法案が議会で可決された。そして翌1月にはスクーナー船の現物が政府の手に渡り、ついにテキサスも海軍力を有するようになったのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272036D;1835年11月25日、テキサス海軍の創設に向け4艘のスクーナー船を\n購入する、という法案が議会で可決された。そして翌1月にはスクーナ\nー船の現物が政府の手に渡り、ついにテキサスも海軍力を有するように\nなったのだった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272036A;錨を揚げろ！;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272036B;輸送船も購入しよう;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272036C;輸送船だけを購入しよう;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272036D;必要ないな;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272037N;テキサスの独立宣言;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272037D;1836年3月2日、ワシントン・オン・ザ・ブラゾスでテキサス独立宣言が採択された。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272037D;1836年3月2日、ワシントン・オン・ザ・ブラゾスで\nテキサス独立宣言が採択された。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272037A;独立だ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272038N;ホース・マリーン;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272038D;1836年6月、とあるテキサスの警備隊が3艘のメキシコ船を拿捕してその積荷を没収するという戦功をあげたが、実のところこの警備隊はただの陸上部隊だったのだ。こうして彼らは「ホース・マリーン」と呼ばれるようになった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272038D;1836年6月、とあるテキサスの警備隊が3艘のメキシコ船を拿捕して\nその積荷を没収するという戦功をあげたが、実のところこの警備隊は\nただの陸上部隊だったのだ。こうして彼らは「ホース・マリーン」と\n呼ばれるようになった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272038A;拿捕せよ！;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272038B;平和を保とう;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272039N;テキサス科学協会;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272039D;サミュエル・ボッツフォード・バックリー、フランクリン・ヨーカム、クウィンティアス・シンシネイタス・スミスといった人物の手により、1880年10月27日、オースティンにテキサス科学協会が設立された。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272039D;サミュエル・ボッツフォード・バックリー、フランクリン・ヨーカム、クウィンティア\nス・シンシネイタス・スミスといった人物の手により、1880年10月27日、\nオースティンにテキサス科学協会が設立された。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272039A;科学を！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272040N;ジョン・オーデュボン;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272040D;1837年4月26日、鳥類研究家としても知られる画家のジョン・オーデュボンがテキサスを訪れた。彼はテキサスに棲む鳥の生態を研究したり、それら鳥類の絵を描くなどしている。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272040D;1837年4月26日、鳥類研究家としても知られる画家のジョン・オーデ\nュボンがテキサスを訪れた。彼はテキサスに棲む鳥の生態を研究したり、\nそれら鳥類の絵を描くなどしている。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272040A;テキサスの鳥類か;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272041N;ストーンハウスの戦い;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272041D;テキサス北部や中央部を巡っては、先住民と入植者が長きにわたって争いを続けてきた。そして1837年にアーチャー郡で起こったストーンハウスの戦いでは、10名のテキサス守備隊と50名の先住民が命を落とすことになった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272041D;テキサス北部や中央部を巡っては、先住民と入植者が長きにわたって\n争いを続けてきた。そして1837年にアーチャー郡で起こったストーンハウ\nスの戦いでは、10名のテキサス守備隊と50名の先住民が命を落とすこ\nとになった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272041A;みんな、じっとしてろ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272042N;ナカドーチェス近郊の反乱;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272042D;1838年夏の下旬、ナカドーチェスの近郊で反乱が起こった。この一帯で随一の力をもっていたビセンテ・コルドバがメキシコ＝先住民同盟を結成して、テキサス政府への忠誠を否認したのだ。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272042D;1838年夏の下旬、ナカドーチェスの近郊で反乱が起こった。この一帯\nで随一の力をもっていたビセンテ・コルドバがメキシコ＝先住民同盟を\n結成して、テキサス政府への忠誠を否認したのだ。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272042B;言い分を聞いてやる;;;;;;;;;;X ,,,,,,,, EVT272043N;バトルクリークの騒乱;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272043D;ナヴァロ郡の西部にドーソンという街がある。その近郊のバトルクリークで測量隊と先住民との小競り合いが発生した。先住民側はキカプー族を中心にワコ族やテワカン族、カドー族を含む集団で、25名程度の測量隊が騒乱に加わった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272043D;ナヴァロ郡の西部にドーソンという街がある。その近郊のバトルクリークで\n測量隊と先住民との小競り合いが発生した。先住民側はキカプー族を\n中心にワコ族やテワカン族、カドー族を含む集団で、25名程度の測量\n隊が騒乱に加わった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272043A;一斉射撃だ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272044N;孤星旗;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272044D;テキサスの旗はローンスターフラッグ、つまり孤星旗として知られる。その意匠について言えば、旗の左側3分の1は中心に五芒の白い星が描かれた青地で、残りの右側3分の2は上下に二等分されて上が白色、下が赤色にそれぞれ塗り分けられている。テキサス共和国がこの孤星旗を採用したのは、1839年1月25日のことだった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272044D;テキサスの旗はローンスターフラッグ、つまり孤星旗として知られる。その\n意匠について言えば、旗の左側3分の1は中心に五芒の白い星が描か\nれた青地で、残りの右側3分の2は上下に二等分されて上が白色、下\nが赤色にそれぞれ塗り分けられている。テキサス共和国がこの孤星旗を\n採用したのは、1839年1月25日のことだった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272044A;永久に掲げられんことを！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272045N;ネチェズの戦い;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272045D;テキサスの中央部から北部にかけては、長きにわたってテキサス入植者と先住民集団がこれをめぐって相争ってきた。なかでも1839年にネチェズで行われた戦いでは、チェロキーの首長ボウルズが死亡するとともに、先住民らもヨーロッパ人の植民地から北西へと退くことになった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272045D;テキサスの中央部から北部にかけては、長きにわたってテキサス入植者\nと先住民集団がこれをめぐって相争ってきた。なかでも1839年にネチェ\nズで行われた戦いでは、チェロキーの首長ボウルズが死亡するとともに、\n先住民らもヨーロッパ人の植民地から北西へと退くことになった。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272045A;叩きのめしてやれ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272046N;黄熱病;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272046D;1839年、ガルベストンで初めて黄熱病が大流行した。;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272046A;隔離だ！;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272047N;The Regulator-Moderator War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272047D;The Regulator-Moderator War was a feud in Harrison and Shelby counties in the Redlands of East Texas from 1839 to 1844. The roots of the conflict lay in the frauds and land swindling that had been rife in the Neutral Ground, the lawless area between the American and Mexican borders.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272047A;We want what's ours!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272049N;The Battle of the San Gabriels;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272049D;The Battle of the San Gabriels, a skirmish between Native Americans and Mexicans led by Manuel Flores and a company of Texas Rangers under Lt. James Rice, occurred nine miles west of Georgetown in Williamson County.,,, ACT272049A;Fire at will!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272051N;The Battle of Village Creek;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272051D;The Battle of Village Creek, fought on May 24,1841, was a running gunfight between Texans and Native Americans along the banks of Village Creek, a major tributary of the Trinity River, in eastern Tarrant County.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272051A;They're skeedaddlin'!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272052N;The Battle of Salado Creek;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272052D;Forty-two people were massacred by natives at the Battle of Salado Creek.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272052A;They're all around us!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272053N;Mexico Proposes Peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272053D;The new Federalist government of Mexico is willing to accept our independence and recognize a border at the Rio Grande. Mexico asks $5 million (10,000) in compensation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272053A;We have other plans;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272054N;The Somervell Expedition;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272054D;The Somervell Expedition against Mexico was in retaliation for Mexican incursions into Texas in 1842. Volunteers poured into San Antonio eager for glory and plunder. The expedition left San Antonio on November 25, 1842 and captured Laredo and Guerrero. Then Somervell ordered his men to disband and return home.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272054A;Retaliate!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272054B;Now is not the time;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272055N;The Mier Expedition;;;;;;;;;X EVT272055D;When Alexander Somervell ordered his troops to return home, many refused. On the afternoon of December 25, 1842 the Texans crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Mier. Mexican losses were 600 killed and 200 wounded against thirty Texans killed and wounded. But the Texans were hungry and thirsty and their powder was almost exhausted. Eventually they surrendured.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272055A;We didn't think it would end this way;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272056N;The Regulator-Moderator War Ends;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272056D;President Houston was forced to call out the militia to put down the Regulator-Moderator War.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272056A;No more killing!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272056B;Let them sort it out themselves;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272063N;Rangers to Corpus Christi;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272063D;With the continued threat of Indian attacks, President George Wood requests that three companies of Rangers be sent to Corpus Christi to protect settlers moving from Goliad to the Rio Grande.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272063A;Keep a sharp eye;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272063B;We don't have the means to do it;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272064N;Cholera;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272064D;Approximately 500 deaths from cholera had occurred in San Antonio by May of 1849.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272065N;The Lone Star Fair;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272065D;Colonel Henry L. Kinney, one of the founders of Corpus Christi, decided that a State Fair hosted in Corpus Christi would provide exposure for the region. Twenty thousand circulars were sent to all parts of the world advertising the fair and immigration opportunities. Attractive prizes were awarded to encourage competitive displays and quality agricultural entries. Ranchers, planters and inventors came from around the state to participate.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272065A;Come to Corpus Christi;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272067N;The Drought of 1885;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272067D;One of the worst droughts in Texas has caused many farms to fail and their owners to return to the East.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272067A;Times are hard;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272068D;During a yellow fever epidemic in Galveston in 1853, approximately 60 percent of the 5,000 residents became sick and 523 persons died.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272069N;Two Reservations;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272069D;In 1854, two reservations were established for Native Americans in West-Central Texas, one for Comanches on the Clear Fork of the Brazos in Throckmorton County, the other for more sedentary Indian groups, such as Tawakonis, Wacos and Tonkawas, near Fort Belknap in Young County.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272069A;They'll be happier there;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272070N;Fort Bliss;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272070D;In 1854, Fort Bliss was established to protect El Paso from the Indians.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272070A;Establish a troop presence;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272070B;Build a fort;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272073N;There were 175 deaths from yellow fever in Houston during 1858.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272074N;Removal to Oklahoma;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272074D;In 1859, Native Americans on the West-Central Texas reservations were moved by the government to reservations in Oklahoma.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272075N;Measles;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272075D;During the early months of 1866 measles appeared in nearly every house in Galveston.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272076D;During Galveston's last yellow fever epidemic in 1867, thousands were afflicted and approximately 725 residents had died by early September.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272078N;Camels in the Desert;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272078D;Fifty-three camels arrived at the port of Indianola for an Army experiment using them for pack animals in the arid areas of the Southwest. They were quartered at Camp Verde, near present-day Kerrville, and were later joined by 41 more. The experiment lasted about 10 years.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272078A;Hawmps!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272083N;The Killough Massacre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272083D;The Killough Massacre, said to have been the largest single Indian depredation in East Texas, took place on October 5,1838, near Old Larissa in northwestern Cherokee County. The eighteen victims included Isaac Killough, Sr. and members of his extended family, who had immigrated to Texas from Talladega County, Alabama, the year before.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272083A;Help!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272085N;Early Texas Industry;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272085D;The development of manufacturing in Texas was typical of a frontier region with a colonial economy in gradually shifting from pastoral production toward mature economic status. In Texas there were local makers of natural cement, furniture, tin and sheet iron products, and saddlery and harness. Wine, brandy, rum, and whisky were also produced locally during the Republic.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272085A;Leave things as they are;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272085B;Support quality of life;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272085C;Encourage recreation;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272085D;Support internal development;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272086N;The Drought of 1884;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272092N;Barbed Wire;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272092D;In 1874, J.F. Glidden patented barbed wire. Barbed wire allowed landowners to effectively fence off their property, and this brought an end to the open range. Free range grazers became alarmed that the new barrier would mean the end of their livelihood, and Trail Drivers were concerned their herds would be blocked from the Kansas markets by settler fences.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272092A;Good fences make good neighbors;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272094N;The Indianola Hurricane;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272094D;In 1876, a hurricane damaged the port of Indianola.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272094A;We'll rebuild;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272096N;The JA Ranch;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272096D;Charles Goodnight established the JA Ranch in Palo Duro Canyon, the first cattle ranch located in the Panhandle.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272096A;Brand 'em!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272097N;The El Paso Salt War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272097D;The El Paso Salt War was the culmination of a long dispute caused by Anglos' attempts to take over salt-mining rights at the foot of Guadalupe Peak, a traditionally Mexican-American salt source.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272100N;The Drought of 1886;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272101N;Wichita Falls;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272101D;In 1882, Wichita Falls received rail service from the Fort worth and Denver City Railroad, which was building a line from Fort Worth to Colorado, allowing Wichita Falls to develop into a major cattle-shipping point.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272101A;Round'em up!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272103N;The Labor Union 'Holiday';;;;;;;;;;X EVT272103D;A labor union-called 'holiday' protesting black laborers on the Galveston docks began a segregation battle that lasted for years.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272103A;Let's have a picnic;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272103B;Break it up;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272104N;The First Texas Rodeo;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272104D;On July 4,1883, the first recorded rodeo in Texas was held at Pecos. After that, rodeos became a favorite Texas entertainment.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272104A;Yee Haw!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272105N;Dengue Fever;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272105D;In 1883 many residents of Galveston suffered with aches and pains of dengue fever.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272106N;Cowboy Strike;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272106D;The first strike of cowboys in Texas began in the Panhandle in 1883.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272107N;Fence-Cutting;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272107D;The use of wire by some ranchers was quickly abused as it often enclosed public land, crossed roads and interfered with other ranchers who relied upon an open range to raise their cattle. Clandestine fence-cutting by vigilantes such as the 'Owls' and 'Javelinas' led to range wars and prompted the Texas Legislature to make fence-cutting a felony.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272107A;There oughta be a law;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272108N;The Second Indianola Hurricane;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272108D;In 1886, a hurricane destroyed or damaged every house in the port of Indianola, finishing the job started by another storm 11 years earlier. Indianola was never rebuilt.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272108A;Time to move on;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272111N;Smallpox;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272111A;Galveston's doctors established a quarantine camp in 1899 to house some of the thirty-seven residents afflicted with smallpox.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272112N;The Coldest Winter on Record;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272112D;At the close of 1898, Texas experienced its coldest winter on record.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272112A;Fire up the stove!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272113N;Texas Allies with the Yucatan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272113D;President Lamar recommended an alliance with Yucatan against Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272113A;Independence for Yucatan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272114N;Texas Shields the Yucatan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272114D;President Lamar recommended an alliance with Yucatan against Mexico, which could be used as a justification for Texas imperialism.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272115N;Texas Allies with the Rio Grande Republic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272115D;After the Rio Grande Republic declared independence, President Lamar recommended an alliance against Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272115A;Independence for the Rio Grande;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272116N;Texas Shields the Rio Grande Republic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272116D;After the Rio Grande Republic declared independence, President Lamar recommended an alliance against Mexico as a justification for Texas imperialism.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272117D;The President recommended that Texas recognize the independence of Yucatan and Tabasco and join in a declaration of war against Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272117A;We dare not interfere in such matters;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272119N;Bishop Lamy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272119D;Bishop Jean Baptiste Lamy arrived in New Mexico 1851, and established schools, hospitals and orphanages throughout the territory.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272119A;Unto the least of these;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272119B;God helps those who help themselves;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272120N;Fort Union;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272120D;Fort Union was built near the place where the Cimarron Cut-off left the Santa Fe Trail and began defending the new territory. During its history, three different forts were constructed close together. The third and final Fort Union was the largest in the American Southwest, and functioned as a military garrison, territorial arsenal, and military supply depot.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272121N;The Long Walk;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272121D;Texas forces under Kit Carson waged a full-scale campaign against the Navajo, and ultimately drove them from their lands using his 'Scorched Earth Policy.' Thousands of starving natives were compelled to walk in a spring blizzard to a reservation at Fort Sumter, New Mexico. Navajo history records this as the Long Walk, on which many died or were killed.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272121A;Maybe now we'll have peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272125N;'Uncle Dick' Wootton;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272125D;Former guide and trapper 'Uncle Dick' Wootton constructed a toll road over Raton Pass, which made the mountains so much easier to cross that the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail became the preferred route of travel.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272125A;An easier route;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272126N;Don Celso Baca;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272126D;Don Celso Baca built a hacienda and started a cattle operation in the fertile plain between El Rito Creek and the Pecos River.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272127N;The Goodnight Trail;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272127D;Charles Goodnight trailed many herds of cattle from Texas to Wyoming. Thinking the toll was too high to go through Raton Pass, he mapped out a new route which was an easier grade than Raton Pass and free of tolls. This became known as the Goodnight Trail.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272127A;Git along, lit'l doggie;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272130N;The Maxwell Land Grant;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272130D;Lucien Maxwell sold 1,714,765 acres in Colfax County for $1,350,000. Afterward, its ownership generated controversy. There had been Indian claims on the land, and Maxwell had not been precise in handling paperwork regarding titles. Court battles resulted, but the Maxwell Land Grant Company ultimately emerged with clear title.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272130A;We want it;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272131N;The Colfax County War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272131D;After the Maxwell Land Grant was sold, the buyers began clearing natives and squatters from the land. Grant officials, in league with lawyers, politicians and businessmen known as the Santa Fe Ring, began making false allegations against the locals. The murder of Rev. F.J. Tolby, after he announced that he would do what he could to break up the Grant, marked the Colfax County War.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272131A;Support the grant;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272131B;Support the poor;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272132N;The Lincoln County War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272132D;During the 1870s, a group of merchants called 'The House' gained control over the economy of Lincoln County, New Mexico. They were challenged by cattle baron John Chisum. whose supporters were known as 'The Regulators.' The battle was fought not only in courtrooms but also through gunfights, murders, and cattle rustlings, until finally the Governor of New Mexico was removed from office and replaced with Lew Wallace.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272132A;Offer amnesty;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272132B;Impose martial law;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272133N;The Legion Valley Massacre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272133D;The Legion Valley Massacre occurred on February 5,1868, when a band of about fifteen Comanche Indians raided the home of John S. and Matilda Jane Friend near the confluence of Sandy and Legion creeks, about fifteen miles south of Llano in Llano County.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272134N;'Ben-Hur';;;;;;;;;;X EVT272134D;Gov. Lew Wallace publishes the novel 'Ben-Hur' in 1880. It becomes widely read and is soon turned into an exciting play and has a successful run in theatres in Texas and the United States. The most exciting scene is the staging of the chariot race between Judah Ben-Hur and Messala.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272134A;A tale of the Christ;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272135N;Billy the Kid Shot;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272135D;Billy the Kid was shot by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner, New Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272135A;Got him!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272136N;First Public High School;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272136D;New Mexico's first public high school opened in Raton.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272136A;The old alma mater;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272139N;Mesa Redondo;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272139D;During the early 1890s, cattlemen and posses broke up the gang of outlaws and cattle thieves hanging out on Mesa Redondo near Tucumcari in Quay County.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272139A;Got 'em;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272140N;New Mexico Highlands University;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272140D;New Mexico Highlands University was founded in Las Vegas as the formal college for New Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272140A;Education is the future;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272141N;Graduation Canceled;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272141D;New Mexico State University canceled its first graduation ceremony, because the only graduate was robbed and killed the night before.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272141A;May he rest in peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272142N;Moving Pictures in New Mexico;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272142D;The first motion picture filmed in New Mexico was 'Indian Day School,' by Thomas Edison.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272142A;Action!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272143N;'Black Jack' Ketchum;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272143D;In 1901, Tom 'Black Jack' Ketchum and his brother, Sam, were outlaws who three times robbed the train near Folsom. In Clayton, New Mexico, Ketchum was caught, tried and hanged - and inadvertently decapitated, though a doctor later reunited his head with his body.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272143A;Oops!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272144N;Folsom Man;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272144D;Cowboy George McJunkin discovered 10,000-year-old 'Folsom Man' when he found some bison bones with embedded spear points near the present town of Folsom in Union County.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272144A;What's that there?;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272145N;The Folsom Flood;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272145D;A disastrous flood washed away most of the town of Folsom in Union County. Sarah Rooke, the telephone operator, stayed at her switchboard warning people of the coming flood until her building was swept away. She was honored as a heroine. Seventeen people lost their lives and most of the businesses were gone, never to be rebuilt.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272146N;Early Filmmakers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272146D;Early filmmakers shot movies in Las Vegas, New Mexico, making it a silent film capital.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272147N;Alfred Kidder;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272147D;Alfred V. Kidder, archeologist, excavated numerous bones of Indians buried in the upper Pecos Valley of New Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272147A;Look at the bones!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272148N;John C. Fremont;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272148D;Lieutenant John C. Fremont undertakes the first of his five exploration trips into the Rocky Mountains.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272148A;A man to match the mountains;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272149N;Fort Pueblo Founded;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272149D;Traders built a barricaded settlement and called it Fort Pueblo. Generally about a dozen families lived there, traveling to various Indian encampments to trade for buffalo robes.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272149A;We can do business here;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272150N;Fort Uncompahgre Destroyed;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272150D;Fort Uncompahgre was destroyed by Utes in 1844.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272150A;They're all around us!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272151N;Fort Massachusetts;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272151D;Fort Massachusetts was established in the San Luis Valley to protect settlers from Indians who believed that the non-Indians were encroaching on their land.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272152N;John W. Gunnison;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272152D;Captain John W. Gunnison leads an exploring party across southern and western Colorado.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272152A;The unknown;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272153N;Fort Pueblo attacked;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272153D;Treaties with Native American groups proved unsatisfactory, which resulted in the Utes killing fifteen inhabitants of Fort Pueblo on Christmas Day.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272154N;The Rocky Mountain News;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272154D;The first newspaper in Colorado, the Rocky Mountain News, was published by William N. Byers.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272154A;Roll the presses!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272155N;The Mining Industry of Colorado;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272155D;Manufacture of mining machinery began in Colorado in 1861.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272155A;Now we'll be able to really dig;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272156N;Telegraph reaches Denver;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272156D;A telegraph line reached Denver from the United States in 1863., ten words to New York cost $9.10.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272156A;Modernity;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272159N;Fort Collins;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272159D;Fort Collins was established to protect travelers on the Overland Trail.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272160N;Colorado Seminary;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272160D;Colorado Seminary (later University of Denver) was chartered in 1864. Sisters of Loretto academy also opened that year.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272160A;The truth will set you free;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272161N;The Sand Creek Massacre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272161D;On November 29, 1864, John Chivington commanded his Colorado Volunteers to attack a village occupied by Black Kettle and his band, who had been assured they would be safe on their desolate reservation. Two hundred Cheyenne men, women and children were killed. The pointlessness and ferocity of the attack horrified much of the public, but Chivington was considered a hero by others.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272161A;Don't let 'em escape!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272162N;An avenging wildfire;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272162D;The Sand Creek Massacre stirred Native Americans to fresh violence, and overland trails were often closed. Food was scarce for settlers and prices high., potatoes cost $15 a bushel and flour cost $40 per 100 pounds.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272164N;The Colorado smelter;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272164D;Nathaniel Hill erected the first smelter in Colorado at Blackhawk, inaugurating the era of hard-rock mining.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272164A;Pour the slag!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272166N;The Frontier Battalion;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272166D;The Frontier Battalion, composed of six companies of Texas Rangers of seventy-five men each, was organized in 1874. For seventeen months the Battalion battled natives, until the frontier was pacified and a new feeling of security resulted. The Battalion also worked to control ordinary lawbreakers by making arrests, escorting prisoners, guarding jails, and attending courts.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272166A;Security;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272167N;Union Colony;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272167D;Union Colony consisted of a group of easterners who decided to take Horace Greeley's advice and 'Go West,' there to carve out a home on the Colorado plains. It was established by Greeley and Nathan C. Meeker at Greeley, Colorado, and first irrigation canal was surveyed there. The Greeley Tribune was also established.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272167A;We went west;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272168N;The Frontier Organization;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272168D;The Frontier Organization was established on December 15, 1863. The law declared that all persons liable for military service who were actual residents of the frontier counties of Texas were to be enrolled into companies of from twenty-five to sixty-five men.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272168A;Home defense;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272169N;The Colorado School of Mines;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272169D;The Colorado School of Mines was established at Golden in 1871.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272169A;There's gold, if you know how to find it;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272170N;End of the Mountain Branch;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272170D;Major use of the 'Mountain Branch' of the Santa Fe Trail came to an end in 1872.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272170A;It's over;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272172N;W.H. Jackson;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272172D;W.H. Jackson, famous photographer of the Hayden Geological Survey, notes ruins of ancient cliff dwellings along the canyon on Mancos River.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272172A;Look!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272173N;First telephones in Denver;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272173D;The first telephones were installed in Denver in 1878.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272173A;Hello?;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272174N;Fort Lewis;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272174D;Fort Lewis was established at Pagosa Springs to protect settlers and control Utes.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272175N;Colorado College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272175D;Colorado College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts begins offering instruction at Fort Collins.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272175A;Know how;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272178N;Tejano expulsion;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272178D;In the 1850s, Tejanos faced expulsion from their Central Texas homes on the accusation that they helped slaves escape to Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272178A;Evict them;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272178B;The charges have not been proven;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272179N;Tabor Opera House opens;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272179D;Tabor Opera House opened in Denver, built by H.A.W. Tabor, famous Leadville capitalist.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272179A;Beautiful music;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272180N;Steel milled in Pueblo;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272180D;Steel is milled in Pueblo from Colorado ores. The company later became Colorado Fuel and Iron Company.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272180B;Fire up the furnaces!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272181N;First electric lights in Denver;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272181D;The first electric lights are installed in Denver.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272181A;Let there be light;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272182N;Denver Union Stockyards;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272182D;The Denver Union Stockyards were established in 1886, later becoming the largest receiving market for sheep in the nation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272182A;Ship 'em out!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272184N;Cliff Palace ruins;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272184D;Cliff Palace Indian ruins were discovered by two cowboys in 1888.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272184A;Looky there;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272185N;First beet sugar refinery;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272185D;The first beet sugar refinery in Colorado was built at Grand Junction.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272185A;Sweet!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272186N;Fort Collins sugar;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272186D;A beet sugar refinery was built at Fort Collins in 1902.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272187N;Denver Juvenile Court;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272187D;With Ben B. Lindsey as Judge, Denver Juvenile Court opens, the first such court in North America.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272187A;Court is now in session;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272188N;Miners' strikes;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272188D;Mine, mill and smelter workers strike in many camps for higher wages and better working conditions. At Cripple Creek, the strike results in much property damage and loss of life. All strike objectives in gold field are lost.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272188A;Break the strike;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272188B;Tend to their demands;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272189N;The Denver Mint;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272189D;The Denver Mint was established to regulate Texas currency.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272189A;Now we can control the flow of gold;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272190N;The National Western Stock Show;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272190D;The National Western Stock Show is born with the chartering of the Western Stock Show Association following a successful showing of about 60 head of cattle and horses and a few sheep and hogs in makeshift tent at the Stockyards.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272190A;Round 'em up!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272191N;Mesa Verde national Park;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272191D;Mesa Verde national Park is created by Congress.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272191A;Preserve the beauty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272192N;Long distance call from Denver;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272192D;The first long distance phone call is made from Denver to New York City.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272192A;Long distance calling;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272193N;First airplane flight to Denver;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272193D;The first airplane flight to Denver happened in 1910.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272194N;Mexican carters attacked;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272194D;By the mid-1850s, Mexicans and Tejanos had built a successful business hauling food and merchandise from the port of Indianola to San Antonio and other towns in Texas. Using oxcarts, they moved freight more rapidly and cheaply than their Anglo competitors. Some Anglos retaliated by destroying the Mexicans' oxcarts, stealing their freight, and killing and wounding Mexican carters. An attack on Mexican carters occurred in 1855 near Seguin.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272194A;That business should be ours;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272195N;The Big Snow of 1913;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272195D;The 'Big Snow of 1913' covered Colorado to a depth of 3 - 5 feet. Transportation paralyzed for weeks.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272195A;What a mess;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272196N;The 'Battle of Ludlow';;;;;;;;;;X EVT272196D;A miners' strike in southern Colorado is climaxed by the 'Battle of Ludlow' near Trinidad. Several men, women and children killed during hostilities between miners and government troops.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272197N;Rocky Mountain National Park;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272197D;Rocky Mountain National Park created by Congress.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272206N;The Fort Parker Raid;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272206D;On the morning of May 19, 1836, Comanche and Caddo Indians attacked Fort Parker on the Navasota River, and carried into captivity two women and three children.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272207N;The Rangers strike back;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272207D;In 1839, Ranger parties based in San Antonio invaded Comanche country and fought several engagements.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272207A;Payback!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272208N;The Cherokee exodus;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272208D;After the Battle of the Neches, the Cherokees were driven from Texas. The Shawnees, Alabamas, and Coushattas also vacated their hunting grounds, the last two tribes being given lands in East Texas. Speculators and settlers swarmed into vacated Indian land.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272208A;They'll be happier there;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272209N;The Colorado City fight;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272209D;In October 1840, Col. John H. Moore attacked Comanche camps west of the settlement line. Near the site of present-day Colorado City, his force surprised and killed more than 130 Comanches.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272209A;We've got 'em where we want 'em!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272210N;The Linnville Raid;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272210D;Victoria and Linnville in Victoria County were sacked by Comanches during the great raid in 1840. The attack originated in the aftermath of the Council House Fight. By August the Penateka Comanches had accepted the leadership of their last remaining chief, Buffalo Hump, who launched a retaliatory attack down the Guadalupe valley east and south of Gonzales. The number of warriors was probably between 400 and 500, including Kiowas and Mexican guides.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272211N;The Texas wool boom;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272211D;In 1860 there were 753,363 sheep in Texas, providing 1,493,363 pounds of wool. During the next quarter century, the Texas wool industry boomed. Wool growing spread through much of western Texas, especially the Edwards Plateau and the lower Pecos River country, reaching a total of 6,620,000 sheep in 1885.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272211A;Baa!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272212N;The Army mutiny;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272212D;In May of 1837, Army officers threatened to impose a military dictatorship. The acting commander urged soldiers to march on the capital, 'chastise the President' for his weak defense policies, 'kick Congress out of doors, and give laws to Texas.' The crisis was resolved when civilian leaders quickly furloughed three of the four existing regiments, and then gradually disbanded the remaining troops.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272212A;Send them home;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272212B;Chastise the President;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272212C;Kick Congress out of doors;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272212D;Give laws to Texas;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272213N;The Lamar Proclaimation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272213D;In his message to the nation on December 21, 1838, President Lamar spoke against annexation by the U.S. He predicted that Texas could become a great nation extending to the Pacific, and called for far-reaching public programs, as well as legislation to reserve all minerals for government use in order to turn them to the advantage of the nation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272213A;Build Texas anew!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272214N;The Lamar Doctrine;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272214D;In his message to the Texas Congress on December 21, 1838, President Lamar spoke against annexation by the U.S. He predicted that Texas could become a great nation extending to the Pacific, and called for far-reaching public programs, as well as legislation to reserve all minerals for government use in order to turn them to the advantage of the nation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272214A;Ignore him;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272215N;The reformation of the law;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272215D;As part of his domestic program, President Lamar reformed Texas statutes to coordinate Mexican and United States law.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272215A;One law for all;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272216N;The reformation of the Army;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272216D;President Lamar advocated the formation of a permanent military force capable of protecting the nation's borders.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272216A;Reform the Army;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272217N;The expansion of the Navy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272217D;President Lamar advocated the development of a powerful navy to protect Texas commerce on the high seas.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272217A;Rule the waves;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272218N;Frontier fortifications;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272218D;One step in President Lamar's frontier policy was fortification of the border with Mexico. Congress approved the creation of eight military colonies along the frontier with Mexico, where soldiers who completed their enlistments were granted 160 acres of land.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272218B;Secure the borders;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272219N;Texas proposes peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272219D;In 1839, President Lamar instructed Barnard E. Bee to proceed to Mexico to arrange a formal peace, with the boundary of Texas established at the Rio Grande. Bee was authorized to pay up to $5 million (50,000).;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272219B;We have other plans;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272220N;Mexico accepts peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272220D;Mexico has accepted peace on our terms.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272221N;Texas sponsors a rebellion in Northern Mexico;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272221D;President Lamar recommended that Texas recognize the independence of the Rio Grande Republic and join in a declaration of war against Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272221A;We dare not interfere in such matters.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272221B;Let us aid these brave freedom fighters!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272222N;Texas 'protects' the Rio Grande Republic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272222D;After the Rio Grande Republic declared independence, President Lamar recommended that Texas declare war against Mexico and offer 'protection' to the rebellious provinces of Nueva Leon, as a justification for Texas imperialism.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272223N;Texas 'protects' the Yucatan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272223D;President Lamar recommended that Texas declare war against Mexico and offer 'protection' to the rebellious provinces of Yucatan and Tabasco, as a justification for Texas imperialism.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272224N;The Yucatan defense force;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272224D;Texas sent clandestine agents to the Yucatan to make contact with the insurgents there. A treaty was signed with the Yucatan, whereby Texas would accept Yucatan as a protectorate until such time as the threat from Mexico had passed. The Mayans were formed into a unit of irregular fighters under Texan command.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272224A;Guerilla warfare;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272225N;The Arizona Purchase;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272225D;Access to the Pacific Ocean was a concern for Texas. The purchase of Arizona was a step in that direction.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272225A;Make them an offer;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272225B;We don't need these territories;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272226A;Make an offer;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272227N;The United States Accepts;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272227D;The United States has accepted our offer - we shall take possession of Arizona!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272228N;The Texas-US Border Dispute;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272228D;Tensions along the Texas-US border eventually reached a crisis;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272228A;Reconciliate;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272228B;Let us have a war;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272229D;The Purchase of Buena Vista was the last step to the Pacific for Deseret.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272230N;The Purchase of Buena Vista;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272231N;Mexico agrees to the Buena Vista Purchase;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272231D;Mexico has accepted our offer - we have reached the Pacific!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272231A;GREAT!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272232N;Mexico refuses the Buena Vista Purchase;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272232D;Mexico has refused the Buena Vista Purchase;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272232A;Let us goad them to War!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272232B;We will find another way;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272233D;In 1841, Alphonse Dubois de Saligny, French charge d'affaires to Texas, complained that pigs owned by Richard Bullock, an Austin hotelkeeper, had invaded his stables, eaten his corn, and even entered his bedroom to devour his linen and chew his papers. After de Saligny's servant killed several of the pigs, Bullock thrashed the servant and threatened the diplomat himself. Dubois de Saligny demanded summary punishment of Bullock.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272233A;Give Bullock his day in court;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272233B;Throw Bullock in jail;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272234N;France demands action;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272234D;When Texas refused to punish Bullock without trial, the charge d'affaires, acting on his own, broke diplomatic relations and left the country. The French government officially supported its agent, and demanded action by Texas.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272234A;Stand firm against France;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272235A;Protest to the English government;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272236N;The Montezuma sails;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272236D;Despite efforts to have the Guadaloupe and the Montezuma detained, both ships reached Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272236A;We thought the English were our friends;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272240N;Foreign recognition;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272240D;In early October of 1837 President Houston sent James Pinckney Henderson abroad to seek formal recognition of Texas by England and France.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272240A;Send Pinckney to Europe;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272241A;Let them go to Mexico;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272241B;Send troops to bring them back;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272241C;Let them lead the way;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272243N;The gathering storm;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272243D;On October 9, 1841, Santa Anna reestablished himself as president of Mexico and determined to renew hostilities against Texas, Accordingly, on January 9, 1842, Gen. Mariano Arista, commanding the Mexican Army of the North, announced his intention of invading Texas. Arista asserted it was hopeless for Texans to continue their struggle, and promised amnesty to all who remained neutral during the invasion.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272243A;Sounds ominous;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272243B;We should strike first;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272244D;In March 1842, Goliad, Refugio, and Victoria were occupied by Mexican forces. Mexican troops then appeared before San Antonio. The Texans retreated, leaving the town to the Mexicans, after finding it impossible to gather enough men to make a defense immediately. The militia under Alexander Somervell was called out, however, only to find that Mexican forces had abandoned the town.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272245N;San Antonio seized!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272245D;In March 1842, Goliad, Refugio, and Victoria were occupied by Mexican forces. Mexican troops then appeared before San Antonio. The Texans retreated, leaving the town to the Mexicans, after finding it impossible to gather enough men to make a defense immediately. The militia under Alexander Somervell was called out, and gathered at San Antonio to drive out the Mexicans.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272246N;Appeal to the United States;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272246D;After the occupation of San Antonio, Texas declared a national emergency and made an appeal to Americans for money and volunteers. Donations poured in, and volunteers started making their way to Corpus Christi.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272246A;Call for help;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272246B;Go it alone;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272247N;Skirmish at Corpus Christi;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272247D;As American volunteers arrived in Texas, Adjutant General James Davis was sent to Corpus Christi to organize volunteers with orders to hold them until the time was opportune for an invasion of Mexico. Davis's forces had a skirmish with Antonio Canales Rosillo, but Canales soon retired to Mexico. The Texans did not pursue.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272247A;Finish organizing the troops;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272247B;Chase 'em back to Mexico City!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272249N;Disbanding the volunteers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272249D;Congress, meeting in special session, passed a 'war bill' but appropriated no funds for an invasion of Mexico. The American volunteers were disbanded.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272249B;Let them lead the way!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272251N;San Antonio surrenders;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272251A;Start planning a raid of our own;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272257N;Washington-on-the-Brazos;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272257D;After San Antonio was occupied twice by Mexican troops, the President ordered government offices moved to Washington-on-the-Brazos.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272257A;Move the capital;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272257B;Leave it be;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272263N;The Santa Fe Expedition;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272263D;The Santa Fe Expedition was proposed by President Lamar to solidify Texas' claims to territory in New Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272263A;Congress has been won over!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272263B;Congress will not pay for it;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272264N;The 'Eliza Russell';;;;;;;;;;X EVT272264D;The 'Eliza Russell,' a British schooner owned by Capt. Joseph Russell, was captured by Texas vessels off the Campeche coast on August 3, 1837, and was sent to Galveston as a prize of war, despite orders that ships carrying neutral flags were to be respected unless they were carrying contraband and bound for an enemy port.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272264A;Seize the ship;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272265N;The 'Eliza Russell' protest;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272265D;The English government has issued a formal protest at Texas' detainment of the schooner, 'Eliza Russell.';;;;;;;;;;X ACT272265A;Release the ship;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272265B;Keep it;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272266N;The 'Eliza Russell' claim;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272266D;The 'Eliza Russell' was ordered released but was delayed and damaged by storms in Galveston Bay. The British government subsequently presented a claim on behalf of the owner, due to the seizure and delay.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272266A;Delay payment;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272266B;Pay the claim;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272266C;Refuse the claim;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272267N;The 'Little Penn';;;;;;;;;;X EVT272267D;The 'Little Penn,' an English ship carrying a cargo belonging to F. de Lizardi and Company and bound for Tabasco, ran aground., its cargo was saved by the Mexican vessels 'Paz' and 'Abispa.' Texas warships captured the 'Abispa,' and stripped the 'Little Penn' before wrecking her.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272267A;Seize the 'Abispa' and strip the 'Little Penn';;;;;;;;;;X EVT272268N;The 'Little Penn' claim;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272268D;Lizardi and Company - owners of the 'Little Penn' - have pressed a claim through the British foreign office.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272269N;The Admiralty Claims;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272269D;The English government has again pressed its outstanding maritime claims against Texas.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272269A;Refuse to pay;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272269B;Pay the claims;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272272N;English Ultimatum;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272272D;The English government has responded to repeated Texas refusals of its maritime claims by sending a warship to enforce payment.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272272B;Fire on the ship;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272273D;President Lamar established the second Texas navy. The fleet of six vessels included the schooners San Jacinto, San Antonio, and San Bernard, each 170 tons., the brigs Wharton and Archer, 400 tons each., and the sloop-of-war Austin, 600 tons.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272273N;Texas rebuilds the navy;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272273A;Rebuild the navy;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272273B;Buy transports too;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272273C;Buy transports instead;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272274N;The Rio Grande defense force;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272274D;Texas sent clandestine agents to Nueva Leon to make contact with the insurgents there. A treaty was signed, whereby Texas would accept the Rio Grande Republic as a protectorate until such time as the threat from Mexico had passed. The insurgents were formed into a unit of irregulars under Texan command.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272275N;Texas sponsors a rebellion in the Yucatan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272275D;The President recommended that Texas recognize the independence of Yucatan and Tabasco and join in a declaration of war against Mexico.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272275A;We dare not interfere in such matters;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272276D;The President recommended that Texas declare war against Mexico and offer 'protection' to the rebellious provinces of Yucatan and Tabasco, as a justification for Texas imperialism.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272277D;Texas sent clandestine agents to the Yucatan to make contact with the insurgents there. A treaty was signed with the Yucatan, whereby Texas would accept Yucatan as a protectorate until such time as the threat from Mexico had passed. The Mayans were formed into units of irregulars under Texan command.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272278N;Texas Mineral policy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272278D;President Lamar supported legislation to reserve all minerals for government use in order to turn them to the advantage of the nation. Coal deposits in north Texas and iron deposits along the Mexican border would be developed. Grain production would be promoted in the Lubbock region, and sheep ranching would be shifted to the Corpus Christi area.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272278A;Resources for progress;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272278B;Leave things be;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272279N;Letters of marque;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272279D;At first, Texas relied on privateers. Letters of marque were issued, with private contractors paying a percentage of their loot, while ships seized by the Texas navy itself became property of Texas outright. These privateers aided the Republic with ship captures and protection of the coast, but the policy added to hostility in the United States about attacks by Mexico and Texas on American vessels.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272279A;Issue letters of marque;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272279B;Refuse to support piracy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272280N;Texas privateering;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272280D;The schooners Terrible and Thomas Toby were granted letters of marque, and went on to capture Mexican merchant shipping.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272280A;Our cut;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272282N;Texas warships set sail;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272282D;The Texas Flagship Independence and the schooner Liberty made their first cruise from January to March 1836, sailing along the Mexican coast in search of Mexican ships.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272282A;Send out the ships;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272282B;Keep it in port;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272283N;Texas warships victorious;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272283D;During its first cruise, the Independence captured a number of small vessels. The schooner Liberty captured the three-gun schooner Pelicano, which was taken to Matagorda Bay and found to be carrying munitions concealed in barrels of flour, providing both food and ammunition to the Texas military. The Liberty seized the brig Durango, owned by a New Orleans mercantile house.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272283A;Spoils of war;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272284N;The Flagship Independence defeated;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272284D;The Independence, though undermanned, left New Orleans for Galveston. It was attacked by two Mexican ships. After a four-hour running battle, the Independence was forced to surrender within sight of its destination. The capture enlarged the Mexican navy to eight ships.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272284A;We'll get revenge;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272288N;The seizure of the brig Pocket;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272288D;In April 1836, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, the brig Pocket, a registered United States merchant vessel from Boston, was confronted by the Texas armed schooner Invincible. After the Pocket was boarded, several items not listed on the manifest were discovered on board, including arms and ammunition, a detailed map of the Texas coastline, and military dispatches written in Spanish.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272289N;USA arrests the crew of the Invincible;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272289D;After capturing the brig Pocket, the Invincible sailed to New Orleans for refitting. While there, news of the capture inflamed local emotions and incited merchants to ally with insurance carriers in supporting protection of commerce in the Gulf of Mexico. Their lobbying prompted local federal officials to arrest the crew of the Invincible on a charge of piracy. They were later released when the charge could not be substantiated.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272289A;Insist the Invincible is not a pirate ship;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272289B;Leave quietly;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272290B;Tell them to mind their own business;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272290N;USA presses admiralty claims;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272290D;After the seizure of the brig Pocket, suits were filed in United States' courts to recover insurance payouts on American losses to Texas privateers. When Texas did nothing regarding negotiated settlement, the claimants asked the United States government to intercede. The United States pursued the matter, because it also desired that Texas formally recognize the rights of other nations upon the seas.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272291N;USA presses for an end to privateering;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272291D;After the seizure of the brig Pocket, the United States began to press Texas to formally announce a blockade of Mexican ports and establish an admiralty court to adjudicate prize vessels, rather than continue privateering and impressment. In July of 1836, Texas issued a proclamation declaring a blockade of Matamoras, and also established a district court with admiralty jurisdiction to adjudicate prize vessels.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272291A;Announce a formal blockade and establish admiralty courts;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272292N;USA breaks the blockade of Matamoros;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272292D;After Texas declared a blockade of Matamoros, public pressure mounted for the United States to ensure safe passage for Gulf shipping. Commodore A.J. Dallas of the U.S. Navy痴 Gulf Coast squadron dispatched warships to the mouth of the Mississippi to protect any vessels bound for Matamoros or other Mexican ports.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272292A;Call our ships back to port;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272292B;Fire on the U.S. ships;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272293N;Warships Invincible and Brutus set sail;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272293D;Warships Invincible and Brutus were dispatched on a cruise along the Mexican coast, with orders to raid and burn coastal towns and capture Mexican merchant vessels. The orders came from Secretary of the Navy S. Rhodes Fisher, who joined the expedition, in retaliation for the capture of the flagship Independence and the merchant vessel Julius Caesar.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272293B;Keep them in port;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272294N;Invincible and Brutus raid down the Yucatan coast;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272294A;Revenge;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272295N;The Invincible defeated;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272295D;As the cruise came to an end, Invincible escorted Brutus into Galveston harbor. Invincible anchored overnight outside the harbor. The next day she was assailed by two Mexican warships, Vencedor del Alamo and Libertador. Brutus attempted to assist Invincible but ran aground, leaving Invincible to engage the Mexican ships alone. After a prolonged fight she attempted to flee from the battle, but ran aground and sank.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272295A;We will get revenge;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272304N;The Second Texas Fleet;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272304D;The mightiest fleet Texas had ever gathered, consisted of the 18-gun sloop-of-war 'Austin,' the 8-gun steamer 'Zavala,' and the 6-gun schooners 'San Jacinto,' 'San Bernard' and 'San Antonio,' left Galveston for a cruise along the Mexican coast with the aim of assisting Federalist rebels in Yucatan.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272305N;Sailing to Sisal;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272305D;The Texas fleet sailed for the Yucatan port of Sisal to assist Federalist rebels. Commodore Edwin Ward Moore cruised the Bay of Campeche to Veracruz, then established a naval blockade at Tampico, hoping to bait the Mexican navy into attacking.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272305A;Come out and fight!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272306N;The Liberation of San Juan Bautista;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272306D;The Texas warships 'Austin,' 'Zavala' and 'San Bernard,' along with a Yucatan brig, sailed up the Rio Grijalde to San Juan Bautista driving the Mexican troops from that city.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272307N;Yucatan Rents the Texas Navy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272307D;The Republic of Yucatan has commissioned the Texas navy to guard Yucatan's coastline against Mexican forces.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272307A;Rent out the ships;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272308N;The Texas Navy Patrols for Yucatan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272308D;The Texas warships 'Austin' and 'San Bernard' cruised the Yucatan coast in search of prizes. They took the 'Progresso' off Veracruz and took the 'Dolorita' and 'Dos Amigos,' near Matamoros.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272310D;Texas warships 'Austin' and 'Wharton' intercepted a Mexican fleet consisting of the powerful new steam warship 'Moctezuma,' the steam frigate 'Guadaloupe,' two brigs and two schooners. A running fight ensued with the commander of the 'Austin' and twenty of his crew killed. The 'Moctezuma'was struck once, losing some of her rigging, and the Texan fleet was driven from Yucatan waters.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272311N;Victory at Campeche Bay;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272311D;Texas warships Austin and Wharton intercepted a Mexican fleet consisting of the powerful new steam warship Moctezuma, the steam frigate Guadaloupe, and two brigs and two schooners. The Mexican fleet withdrew, and a running fight ensued. The Austin was struck once and lost some of her rigging. The commander of the Moctezuma and twenty of his crew were killed and the Mexican fleet was driven from Yucatan waters.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272311A;Victory;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272401N;Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272401D;In March 1836, Mexican troops sent to quell the disturbances in Texas overran the tiny Texan garrison at the Alamo mission in San Antonio, and then executed 342 Texans at Goliad. The incidents aroused the fury of the people of Texas, the United States, and even Great Britain and France, thus considerably promoting the success of the Texas Revolution.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272401A;The Heart of Texas!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272402N;Juan Cortina;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272402D;After witnessing the injustice dealt to Mexicans by Anglo settlers and marshals, Cortina became an outlaw and led an attack on Brownsville, Texas, proclaiming the Republic of Rio Grande and crying Death to the Gringos! The Army would later chase him off into Mexico, where he became a partisan in the many conflicts in that country.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272402A;Death to the Gringos!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272403N;Texas seeks U.S. recognition;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272403D;Despite diplomatic dealings with the United States, Texas was not immediately granted formal recognition by the USA. Recognition of independence and annexation by the U.S. were pursued separately, since it was apparent that formal recognition might make membership in the Union follow more easily.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272403A;Seek recognition;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272403B;We'll go our own way for now;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272404N;Early annexation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272404D;Texas statehood has now been approved by the United States. Do we wish to accept their offer?;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272404A;Accept statehood in the USA;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272404B;Table the matter for now;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272405N;Washington asks us to join the Union;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272405D;The Union has asked us to join it in the fight against the Confederacy.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272405A;Ally with the Union;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272405B;Join the Union;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272501N;50th Anniversary of Texan Independence;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272501D;The fiftieth anniversary of Texan independence was welcomed with a massive celebration held across the nation. In Austin a grand parade was held to honor past heroes such as Sam Houston and Jim Bowie.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272501A;Let us celebrate our freedom!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272502N;The Era of Texas Trail Drives;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272502D;The abundance of longhorn cattle in south Texas marked the beginning of the era of Texas trail drives to northern markets. ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272502A;Yee Haw!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272503N;The reestablishment of Adobe Walls;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272503D;The success of the buffalo hunters encouraged a group of Dodge City merchants to reestablish Adobe Walls as a trading center on the Canadian River in Hutchinson County in March 1874. Their stores and stockade were located four miles east of Bent's Fort, and more than $70,000 worth of goods was freighted in.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272503A;Business!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272504N;The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272504D;The opening of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas marked the state's first venture into public higher education. Tuition totaled $10 per semester.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272505N;The University of Texas;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272505D;The University of Texas opened its doors in Austin for its inaugural session. The first courses were offered in the Academic Department and the Law Department.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272505A;See you in philosophy class!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272506N;Spindletop Oil Field;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272506D;The discovery of oil at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont launched Texas into a century of prosperity.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272506A;It's a gusher!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272509N;The Galveston Hurricane;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272509D;A hurricane strikes the Texas coastal city of Galveston, destroying the city. The hurricane may be the greatest natural disaster in Texas history.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272509A;Disaster!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272510N;Texan Crusade Against Deseret;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272510D;The growing Mormon presence in the American west is troubling to the conservative-minded christians of Texas. Joseph Smith's new religion could soon spread to Texas.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272510A;Let us nip this heresy in the bud.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272511N;Deseret Annexed by Texas;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272511D;We have achieved victory. We will have peace on our terms. ;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272511A;Let them become a part of Texas!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272512N;The Texas Emancipation Act;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272512D;Eventually the issue of slavery had to be confronted.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272512A;Reject Emancipation;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272512B;Compensated Emancipation;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272512C;Sudden Emancipation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272516N;The Texas Emancipation Proclaimation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272516D;With the advent of a party favoring emancipation, winds of change swept Texas.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272518N;Santa Anna taken prisoner;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272518D;After San Jacinto, most Texans favored executing Santa Anna, but Sam Houston advocated sending him to Washington, D.C. to provide assurances that Mexico would not try to retake Texas, in hopes that would facilitate recognition of Texas by the U.S. Santa Anna did go to Washington, where he communicated the assurances. He was then sent to Veracruz, and temporarily retired in disgrace.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272518A;Send him to Washington;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272518B;Execute him;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272519N;Santa Anna held prisoner;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272519D;After San Jacinto, most Texans favored executing Santa Anna, but Sam Houston advocated keeping him alive as a bargaining chip. After the war he was released and returned to Mexico where he temporarily retired in disgrace.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272519A;He'll be more trouble for them than for us;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272520N;Federalist allies;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272520A;Support the freedom fighters;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272521N;The Nueva Leon offer;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272521D;Governor Santiago Vidaurri, the feudal ruler of the Mexican provinces of Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, wrote to the Texas Government, offering to annex his provinces to Texas in return for military support in the War of the Reform.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT272521A;It would be imprudent and impolitic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272900N;Native American Land Cessions - Texas Panhandle;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272900D;The government of Texas has made treaties with the Kiowa and Comanche to open the region of the upper Brazos and upper Red Rivers to settlement.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272901N;Native American Land Cessions - Rio Grande Valley;;;;;;;;;;X EVT272901D;The government of Texas has made a treaty with the Mescalero Apache to open the region of the Rio Grande Valley to settlement.;;;;;;;;;;X