[[VIPR翻訳]] EVT304301N;The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304301D;We have soundly beaten the Mexicans. We will offer peace, demanding their northern territories be ceded to the United States. In return we will pay fifteen million dollars indemnity.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304301A;Offer them peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304302N;Mexico Accepts Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304302D;Mexico has accepted our generous offer of peace.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304304N;The Purchase of Sonora and Chihuahua;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304304D;The Confederacy purchased Northern Mexico despite our having made it clear that the government of the United States would consider such a purchase to be inadvisable.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304304B;There is nothing we can do about it....;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304305N;The Texas Offer for Arizona;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304305D;Texas has approached us asking to purchase Arizona.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304307N;The Texas-US Border Dispute;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304307D;Tensions along the Texas-US border have reached the point of crisis.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304307B;Let them rattle their sabers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304308N;Yucatan Offers 'Domination and Sovereignty';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304308D;Embroiled in the Caste War, the desperate government of Yucatan has approached the United States with an offer of 'domination and sovereignty' over the peninsula in return for intervention against the Maya.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304308A;This is an internal Mexican affair;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304308B;We'll sort it out;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304308B;我々の手で片をつけよう;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304308C;Let the Europeans sort it out;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304309N;'Manifesto';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304309D;In 1890, 'Manifesto' was sustained in LDS general conference, ending the practice of plural marriage.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304309A;End the practice;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304315N;The Great Basin;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304315D;In 1843, John C. Fremont and Kit Carson explored the Great Basin.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304315A;The desert expanse;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304316N;A New Home;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304316D;On July 24, 1847 the first party of Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley to establish a new home free of religious persecution.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304316A;We're here;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304317N;Fort Buenaventura;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304317D;In 1847, The Mormon High Council of Great Salt Lake City authorized purchase of Fort Buenaventura from Miles Goodyear.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304318N;The Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304318D;The Mormon Church initiated the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company primarily to help Mormon refugees from Nauvoo, Illinois, migrate to Utah. It also became a major instrument for gathering Latter-day Saint converts to Utah from abroad, assisting some 26,000 immigrants between 1852 and 1887.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304318A;A better life;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304319N;The Annexation of Baja California;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304319D;After Baja California revolted against Mexico, it petitioned for admission to the United States.,,, ACT304319A;We have other interests;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304320N;The Annexation of Sonora;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304320D;After Sonora revolted against Mexico, it petitioned for admission to the United States.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304321N;The Bear River Massacre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304321D;On January 29,1863, Colonel Patrick E. Connor, with about 200 troops, attacked a camp of Shoshone Indians on the Bear River. Colonel Connor had issued orders to take no prisoners.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304321A;No prisoners!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304322N;Dry Farming;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304322D;In 1863, a type of commercial agriculture called dry farming began in Utah.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304322A;The Lord's bounty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304324N;The Colorado River;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304324D;In 1869, John Wesley Powell led an expedition of ten men in four small boats down the Colorado River.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304324A;White water!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304326N;John Wesley Powell;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304326D;By the spring of 1871, preparations had been completed for the second survey of the canyon country. This time the party included a surveyor and an experienced photographer.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304326A;What falls there are, we know not;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304327N;The Colorado Plateau;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304327D;Kanab served as John Wesley Powell's field headquarters during his second expedition, which yielded several important maps and photographs of the Colorado Plateau.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304327A;Into the great unknown;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304329N;Natural Bridges;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304329D;Congress has declared Natural Bridges to be a National Monument.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304329A;What beauty!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304330N;Rainbow Bridge;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304330D;Congress has declared Rainbow Bridge to be a National Monument.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304331N;Dinosaur National Monument;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304331D;Congress has established Dinosaur National Monument., ACT304331A;There are giants in the earth;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304334N;Black Hawk War Forts;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304334D;During the Black Hawk War, numerous forts were built in the Salt Lake region to protect settlers against war parties.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304335N;John C. Fremont;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304335D;Lieutenant John C. Fremont undertakes the first of his five exploration trips into the Rocky Mountains.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304335A;A man to match the mountains;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304336N;Fort Pueblo Founded;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304336D;Traders built a barricaded settlement in Colorado and called it Fort Pueblo. Generally about a dozen families lived there, traveling to various Indian encampments to trade for buffalo robes.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304336A;We can do business here;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304338N;Fort Massachusetts;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304338D;Fort Massachusetts was established in the San Luis Valley to protect settlers from Indians who believed that the non-Indians were encroaching on their land.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304343N;Fort Sedgwick;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304343D;Fort Sedgwick was established near Julesburg to guard the overland trade and comunications routes.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304344N;Fort Collins;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304344D;Fort Collins was established to protect travelers on the Overland Trail.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304345N;The Sand Creek Massacre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304345D;On November 29,1864, John Chivington commanded his Colorado Volunteers to attack a village occupied by Black Kettle and his band, who had been assured they would be safe on their desolate reservation. Two hundred Cheyenne men, women and children were killed. The pointlessness and ferocity of the attack horrified much of the public, but Chivington was considered a hero by others.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304345A;Don't let 'em escape!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304346N;An Avenging Wildfire;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304346D;The Sand Creek Massacre stirred Native Americans to fresh violence, and overland trails were often closed. Food was scarce for settlers and prices high - potatoes cost $15 a bushel and flour cost $40 per 100 pounds.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304347N;Fort Morgan;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304347D;Fort Morgan established for protection against Indians in 1865.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304350N;Victory at Fredericksburg;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304350D;Our valiant troops have broken the Rebel lines at Fredericksburg. Despite strong Confederate defenses, our bayonet charges could not be stopped! This has given a tremendous boost to our morale!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304350A;Onward to Victory!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304351N;Victory at Shiloh;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304351D;Our army has won a victory in southern Tennessee near the Mississippi border. The South is open to our armies and this has given a tremendous boost to our morale!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304352N;Victory at Chattanooga;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304352D;Our army has won a victory at the strategic city of Chattanooga. The road to Atlanta is open and we are pursuing the fleeing Rebel armies. This has given a tremendous boost to our morale!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304353N;The California Citrus Revolution;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304353D;With the advent of transcontinental trade, it became feasible for California farmers to ship their produce to foreign markets without spoilage. This lead to massive demand and greatly increased the amount of fruit cultivation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304353A;Kissed by the sun;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304354N;Cherokee Declares Neutrality;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304354D;The chiefs of the various nations in the Indian Territory have issued a proclamation of neutrality.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304354A;Press them to support the Union;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304354B;Respect their neutrality;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304355N;Restoration of the Indian Territory;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304355D;The Indian Territory of Oklahoma has been reclaimed by the United States of America.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304367N;Fort Lewis;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304367D;Fort Lewis was established at Pagosa Springs to protect settlers and control Utes.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304368N;The Meeker Massacre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304368D;Indian agent Nathan Meeker appeared on the Ute White River Reservation resolved to transform the horse-loving Utes into pious farmers. His order to plow under the Utes' pony racetrack was the last straw. Meeker and the 10 men employed by the agency were killed and the agency burned to the ground. Major Thornburg and half of his command dispatched in an effort to rescue Meeker were also killed.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304369N;The Utes must go!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304369D;The cry, 'The Utes must go!' was heard throughout Colorado after the Meeker Massacre. The White River campaign against Ute Indians took place from September 29 to October 5, 1879. The Utes were forced to sign a treaty, then relocate to the Ouray reservation in Utah.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304369A;Maybe now we'll have peace;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304379N;Mesa Verde National Park;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304379D;Congress declares Colorado's Mesa Verde as a National Park.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304382N;Rocky Mountain National Park;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304382D;Congress declares Rocky Mountain National Park be created in Colorado.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304396N;Wildcat Banks;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304396D;By 1836, all banks in the United States were state-chartered. Out in the frontier states, many of these banks were run by men of unscrupulous means who would obtain a state bank charter, issue notes and spend them and in so doing cause a flurry of land speculation. These bankers would then do everything possible to keep from having to redeem their notes. Sometimes these bankers would hide in small towns on the frontier with the wild animals - hence the name 'wildcat bank.';;;;;;;;;;X ACT304396A;Drat those bankers!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304397N;Panic of 1837;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304397D;New York banks began refusing to make specie payments in early 1837, and the bubble of land speculation and paper money in the United States finally burst, leading to a collapse of the nation's finances and an onset of depression.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304397A;A national crisis!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304398N;Reregulation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304398D;The harshness of the Panic of 1837 caused many in the United States to place the blame with the Jackson Administration and its failure to renew the charter of the Second National Bank. It was argued that a central bank would have had the means to intervene in such a crisis. The President was pressured to issue some kind of statement endorsing a reevaluation of the banking system and its regulation in order to reassure investors.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304398A;Conduct a review, but no National Bank!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304398B;Banks are the scourge of the common man!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304398C;Perhaps we were a bit too hasty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304399N;Nation Recovers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304399D;Gradually, after a five-year depression, the United States slowly recovered from the financial Panic of 1837.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304399A;Things are slowly returning to normal;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304400N;The Second Seminole War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304400D;The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and attacks by settlers looking for slaves brought about a rising of the native Seminole tribe in southern Florida, and in 1835, the Second Seminole War broke out. The Seminoles rallied behind Osceola, whose skill made him their leading war chief.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304400A;We want them out!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304400B;Perhaps we were too hasty - try to buy off the leaders;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304401N;Osceola Captured!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304401D;After years of guerilla fighting in the swamps of Florida, which saw many Seminole victories, Chiefs Micanopy and Osceola wanted peace and agreed to move west. In October 1837, Osceola met with General Joseph Hernandez to ask for the release of a captured chief, but the flag of truce was not respected and he was captured, later dying in 1838.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304401A;This is the leader! Take him!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304402N;Seminole War Peters Out;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304402D;By 1842, most of the Seminoles had given up and moved to Oklahoma or had escaped to the Big Cypress and Everglades swamps. For the most part, U.S. control of southern Florida was reestablished.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304402A;At last this war is over;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304403N;Third Seminole War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304403D;In 1855, white surveyors stole food from the village of Chief Billy Bowlegs, touching off another rising in southern Florida by the remaining Seminole. It waged for three years and all but 300 of the tribe remained by 1858.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304403A;The Seminoles are restless!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304404N;Third Seminole War Over;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304404D;After years of conflict in southern Florida, all but three hundred of the Seminole tribe was gone or moved away. The rising had died out by 1858.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304404A;Florida is quiet at last;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304405N;The Murder of Elijah Lovejoy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304405D;A mob attacked the abolitionist printing press of Elijah Lovejoy in Alton, Illinois. When he tried to protect it, he was shot dead. Membership in anti-slavery societies throughout the north increased sharply after the murder.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304405A;A martyr to abolitionism;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304406N;The Hudson River School;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304406D;America's first native landscape style of painting emerged in the 1820s and became prominent during the middle decades of the 19th century. With panoramic views of America's frontier, the style evoked the aspirations of an expanding nation. Artists such as Thomas Doughty, Asher Durand, Homer Martin, and Thomas Cole pioneered this trend.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304407N;Henry David Thoreau;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304407D;An essayist, poet, and philosopher, Thoreau was a prominent Transcendentalist who actually lived its doctrines. His experiences were described in his most famous work, 'Walden,' which was published in 1854. The writer wrote a series of notable works throughout his life, including 'Civil Disobedience' and 'Cape Cod.';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304408N;The Wilmot Proviso;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304408D;During the Mexican War, Congress attempted to pass a bill authorizing funds for a settlement with Mexico. Northern Congressmen, lead by Pennsylvania's David Wilmot, attempted to add an amendment to the bill, which would ban slavery in any territories acquired as a result of a peace treaty with Mexico. The issue increased sectional tensions in the United States.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304408A;Passes in the House, but the Senate rejects it;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304408B;Congress Passes the Amended Bill;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304409N;The Independence of Liberia;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304409D;In 1847, Liberia ratified its new constitution and declared independence from the African Colonization Society and the United States.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304409A;Yes, it's time. Let them go;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304409B;No! They're not ready yet!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304410N;Seneca Falls Convention;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304410D;In July 1848, more than 300 men and women attended the first national women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, where they passed the Declaration of Sentiments which expressed their demands for suffrage and equal rights. Notable attendees included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.;;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304411N;'Uncle Tom's Cabin';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304411D;This vivid narrative of conditions in the South under slavery polarized the abolitionist debate in the country and brought the issue to the attention of many.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304411A;The horrors of slavery!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304412N;George Fitzhugh;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304412D;With the issue of slavery increasingly coming to the fore, by the 1850s, Southern writers began to take up the pen in defense of their institutions. Fitzhugh published two well-known books which roused Southerners to new arguments in defense of slavery - 'Sociology for the South' and 'Canniballs All!';;;;;;;;;;X ACT304412A;Defending their way of life;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304413N;The Booths in Theatre;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304413D;The arrival of actor Junius Booth in the United States in 1821 was a boost to the American theater. With a career spanning three decades, Booth and his three sons, Edwin, Julius, and John Wilkes, were celebrated for their many performances and famed acting ability.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304414N;'Cotton is King!';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304414D;In a speech exemplifying the Southern belief in the value and power of their cotton crop, Senator James Hammond of South Carolina gave a speech on the admission of Kansas, in which he invoked the famous phrase - 'no, you dare not make war on cotton. No power on earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is king.';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304415N;The Black Warrior Affair;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304415D;The merchant steamer Black Warrior, en route from New York to Mobile, was seized while stopping in Havana by Spanish authorities, and fines of $6,000 were levied for violations of customs regulations. Anxious to secure Cuba, the South demanded war.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304415A;Let the excitement subside;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304415B;Offer to buy Cuba;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304415C;Take Cuba by force!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304416N;Brooks Canes Sumner;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304416D;After delivering a particularly virulent speech against slavery, entitled 'Crime Against Kansas,' Charles Sumner, a Senator from Massachusetts, was beaten with a cane by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks. The incident outraged the North and delighted the South.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304417N;Spain Refuses!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304417D;Spain has refused the United States' attempts to purchase Cuba for $10 million.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304417A;Back off;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304417B;How dare they!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304418N;Spain Accepts!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304418D;Spain has accepted the United States' offer to purchase Cuba for $10 million.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304420N;Samuel Morse and the Telegraph;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304420D;電気の流れる仕組みを使うと、鉄線に情報を乗せることができる。この\n電信術という概念について、サミュエル・モールスは1830年代から1840\n年代初めにかけて研究を重ねた。そして文字や数字の代わりにトンと\nツーという符号を用いるシステムを発明し、この符号には彼の名が冠せ\nられた。そうして1844年、バルティモア−ワシントン間で最初の都市間\n電信が行われることとなった。;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304421N;The Pony Express;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304421D;Running from April 1860 until November 1861, the Pony Express was designed to bring mail and news back and forth between St. Joseph, Missouri and San Francisco, CA. Using a series of rest stations for relays of riders and horses, the route improved communications between East and West.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304421A;Yee haw!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304422N;Charter of the Second Bank Lapses;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304422D;After the charter of the Second Bank of the United States was vetoed and allowed to lapse in 1836, the finances of the country were left to the auspices of the state banks as well as more shifty financial instutitions, the wildcat banks.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304422A;A National Bank is not necessary;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304423N;Specie Circular;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304423D;Without a national bank, the flood of paper money and land speculation in the United States increased, and in an attempt combat this, President Jackson issued the Specie Circular, which mandated that land purchases could only be made in specie payments, or gold and silver.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304423A;Curtail land speculation!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304423B;Paper money is acceptable;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304424N;Panic of 1837;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304424D;New York banks began refusing to make specie payments in early 1837, and the bubble of land speculation and paper money in the United States finally burst, leading to a collapse of the nation's finances and the onset of a depression.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304424A;A national crisis!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304425N;Nation Recovers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304425D;Gradually, after a six-year depression, the United States slowly recovered from the financial Panic of 1837.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304425A;Things are slowly returning to normal;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304426N;Mormons Leave Ohio;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304426D;With the failure of the Mormon bank, and internal squabbling amongst the faithful in Kirtland, Ohio, most of the church, including Joseph Smith, migrated west into Missouri, where the staked out land in Daviess county and other areas in northwestern Missouri, including settlements at Far West and Zion.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304426A;Mormons arrive in Missouri;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304427N;The Mormon War;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304427D;Tensions between the Mormons and settlers in Missouri to led to open conflict in late 1838 as a chain of raids and reprisals broke out across the northwest portion of the state.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304427A;Troubles in Missouri;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304428N;Massacre at Haun's Mill;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304428D;Part of the many raids during the Mormon War in Missouri, the village at Haun's Mill was attacked by over two hundred settlers from Livingston and other counties, killing 18 and wounding 15. This raid helped persuade Joseph Smith and the rest of the Mormons to surrender, ending the conflict.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304428A;Missouri calms;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304429N;Mormons Move to Illinois;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304429D;The end of the Mormon War in Missouri convinced most of the faithful to leave the state and over 15,000 migrated across the Mississippi River into Illinois. Joseph Smith and the Mormon leaders escaped from custody and helped found the new Mormon settlement at Nauvoo.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304429A;Moving again;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304430N;The 'Amistad' Case;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304430D;On August 24,1839, the Cuban schooner 'Amistad' was seized off Long Island with Africans aboard who had overthrown their captors and taken the ship. In a trial spanning two years, the case touched on the volatile issue of slavery and brought attention to the divisions in the country.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304430A;They come from Africa;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304431N;The Purchase of Fort Ross;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304431D;Established in 1812, Fort Ross was the Russian-American Company’s settlement on California’s western coast. As American settlers moved west into California in the 1830s and 1840s, the settlement became less and less viable for Russia, particularly as sea otters became scarce. In 1842, a local settler named John Sutter offered to purchase the fort.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304431A;Buy them out;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304434N;Tariff of 1842;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304434D;With the United States in its fifth year of depression due to financial panic, there was increasing pressure to increase tariffs in order to stabilize the US market.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304434A;We need higher tariffs;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304434B;Do nothing;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304434C;We need lower tariffs;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304435N;Walker Tariff;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304435D;By 1846, westerners had abandoned their support for protectionism and once again, the South sought lower tariffs, an issue which brought them into conflict with Northerners.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304436D;The collapse of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co has led to a financial panic. Grain prices are down, there are widespread layoffs and companies are failing.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304437N;Tariff of 1857;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304437D;With the onset of a new financial panic, many believed that a drastic reduction of tariff levels to almost tree_trade would offset the country’s troubles through cheap foreign imports and greater markets for farmers goods.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304438D;The financial situation begun in 1857 has shown signs of recovery. The effects of the panic have been felt for nearly two years, though they have not entirely dissipated.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304439N;The Great Migration;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304439D;In 1843, the first large wave of pioneer settlers set out from Missouri into the Oregon Territory of the northwest, along the route which would become famous as the Oregon Trail. This spelled the beginning of a steady flow of settlers from east to west.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304439A;Wagons West!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304440N;U.S. Naval Academy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304440D;As a means of educating its naval officers, the U.S. Naval School was established on October 10,1845, and this was renamed five years later as the U.S. Naval Academy. The school brought a tradition of professionalism and esprit de corps to the service.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304440A;Anchors Aweigh!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304441N;California Gold Rush;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304441D;On January 24,1848, a New Jersey millwright named James Wilson Marshall discovered the first golden flakes near Sutter’s Mill in California. What followed was a national obsession with wealth that led to a massive influx of people into California.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304441A;Gold!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304442N;Comstock Lode;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304442D;At the head of Six Mile Canyon in Nevada, gold was found and the site claimed by a miner named Henry Comstock. The find gave rise to the famous mining town of Virginia City and the precious metals provided a major economic boost to the United States, particularly during the Civil War.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304443N;Comstock Lode Peters Out;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304443D;By 1890, the wealth of the Comstock Lode was declining as the gold mines were exhausted. The region subsided into a land of ghost towns and memories of a lost prosperity.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304443A;It couldn't last forever;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304444N;Central American Peace Conference;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304444D;After intervening in Nicaragua in 1907, the United States was growing tired of the constant conflict in the region, and called for a Peace Conference between the five Central American nations. It established a General Treaty of Peace and Amity and provided for the establishment of a permanent Central American Court of Justice for the peaceful resolution of international disputes in the region.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304444A;Stop bickering! Propose the Court;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304444B;This is not our problem;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304445N;The Dred Scott Case;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304445D;The case surrounding a slave brought north who wanted to be declared free, became a focal point of sectional tension in the United States. In 1857, the Supreme Court issued a stunning decision which upheld slavery in the territories, denied black citizenship, and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304445A;A momentous decision;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304446N;The Lecompton Constitution;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304446D;In an attempt to give Kansas a pro-slavery consitution, an election was held on a document that would be called the Lecompton Constitution, where settlers were given a choice between limited and full slavery. Free settlers refused to vote. Ratified in December, the federal government attempted to admit Kansas under this constitution though Congressional squabbling would prevent this.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304446A;Kansas should be a slave state!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304447N;The Leavenworth Constitution;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304447D;In an attempt to give Kansas an anti-slavery constitution, free soil settlers held an election in Leavenworth to ratify a document that would be called the Leavenworth Constitution. The federal government attempted to admit Kansas under this constitution though Congressional squabbling would prevent this.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304447A;Kansas should be a free state!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304448N;Yellow Fever Epidemic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304448D;In 1841, a major yellow fever epidemic hit the United States, particularly virulent in the South.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304448A;A tragedy;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304448B;We must do something;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304449N;Yellow Fever Epidemic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304449D;In 1847, a major yellow fever epidemic hit the city of New Orleans, killing thousands.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304450N;Cholera Epidemic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304450D;In 1848, a major cholera epidemic struck the United States, especially in New York City, where over 4,000 died.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304451D;In 1851, a major cholera epidemic struck the United States, especially in Illinois, Missouri, and the Great Plains.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304452D;In 1852, a major yellow fever epidemic hit the city of New Orleans, killing over 8,000.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304453N;Smallpox Epidemic;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304453D;In 1860, a major smallpox epidemic struck the state of Pennsylvania.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304454N;Worldwide Influenza Epidemic Outbreak;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304454D;In 1857, one of the most virulent epidemics of influenza broke out worldwide, striking the United States hard.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304455N;Worldwide Influenza Epidemic Continues;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304455D;The major influenza epidemic continued to plague the United States in 1858.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304456N;Worldwide Influenza Epidemic Subsides;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304456D;The worldwide influenza epidemic finally subsided in 1859, after a third year of affecting the United States.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304456A;The tragedy is finally ending;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304457D;In 1855, an outbreak of yellow fever struck the United States.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304458D;A major outbreak of yellow fever struck Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1854.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304459N;Nathaniel Hawthorne;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304459D;A novelist and short story writer, Nathaniel Hawthorne was a central figure in what some call the American Renaissance. Like some of his contemporaries, he took a dark view of human nature. His greatest works were published in the early 1850s, 'The Scarlet Letter' in 1850, and 'The House of the Seven Gables' in 1851.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304460N;Herman Melville;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304460D;Known for his popular travel books published in the 1840s, such as Typee or Omoo, Melville wrote social critiques of the world around him, though his greatest work, 'Moby Dick,' published in 1851, would not receive its true fame for more than thirty years after publication.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304461N;Edgar Allan Poe;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304461D;A poet, editor, and short story writer, Edgar Allan Poe is considered to be one of the greatest short story writers, transforming it from anecdote to art. With his dark view of human society, his short stories aimed for what he termed the unique effect. One of his most famous poems, 'The Raven,' was published in 1845.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304462N;Walt Whitman;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304462D;A former newspaper editor turned poet, Walt Whitman began his most well-known work, 'Leaves of Grass,' in 1847, finishing it eight years later. Though sometimes criticized at the time for its exaltation of the body and love, it was a vivid demonstration of free form poetry with some of the most vivid and rhythmical poetry ever written.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304463N;Fort Laramie Treaty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304463D;Known to the Indians as the Treaty of Long Meadows or The Great Horse Creek Treaty to others, this treaty between the United States and the Plains Indians essentially protected the tribes' right to their homelands in the Great Plains, while recognizing the Indians withdrawal from all parts of Iowa.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304463A;The Plains Are Theirs For Now - Ratify Treaty;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304463B;No Concessions to the Indians - Reject Treaty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304464N;The Gag Rule;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304464D;Responding to an increasing flood of anti-slavery petitions, Congress passed a gag rule which automatically tabled any motions related to slavery. It was successively tightened over the next few years, and was initially opposed by relatively few members, including John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304464A;Limit debate!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304465N;Gag Rule Rescinded;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304465D;As sectionalism increased in the United States, the Congressional Gag Rule, which prevented any motions regarding slavery, was becoming increasingly unpopular. Following a long fight, led by Massachusetts Representative John Quincy Adams, the rule was rescinded.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304465A;Free to discuss;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304466N;Personal Liberty Laws;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304466D;Outraged by the provisions of the Compromise which included a fully enforced Fugitive Slave Act, Northern states responded by passing Personal Liberty Laws, which banned the use of state officials and facilities to catch runaway slaves.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304466A;We will not aid this odious institution;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304467N;An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304467D;The daughter of a slaveholding judge in South Carolina, Angelina Grimke and her sister Sarah moved to New York, where they published anti-slavery pamphlets, including An Appeal, which was publicly burned in South Carolina. Warned of arrest if they ever went home, the sisters became the first women to speak before the Anti-Slavery Society, and were pioneers of the women's rights movement.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304467A;We need to involve ourselves!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304468N;Washington Irving;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304468D;Considered to be the father of the American short story, Irving is best known for his early works, such as 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow' and 'Rip Van Winkle' and other stories written in the 1830s and 1840s.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304469N;Flour Riot;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304469D;Six thousand New Yorkers attending a bread, meat, rent, & fuel rally in Chatham Square rioted against flour merchants whom they claimed were hoarding their goods in order to drive up prices. A warehouse was burned down and the incident was one of the first major riots in America of poor versus property.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304470N;Astor Place Riot;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304470D;In protest of the arrival of the English Shakespearan actor William Charles MacReady,15,000 people rioted outside the Astor Place Theater where he was due to perform and pelted it with stones. When the police arrived to put down the riot, 23 people were killed and 100 were wounded in the ensuing chaos.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304471N;The Underground Railroad;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304471D;A system for helping slaves escape to the North, the Underground Railroad was a secretive way to combat slavery in the United States. In 1849, its operations were greatly enhanced by the escaped slave Harriet Tubman, who would make 19 trips to the South, freeing over 300 slaves, and called 'the Moses of her people.';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304472N;John C. Calhoun;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304472D;The senior statesmen of the South, and leading proponent of states' rights and the defense of slavery, John C. Calhoun became synonymous with the Southern way of life. A key illustration is his speech, 'Slavery is a Positive Good.';;;;;;;;;;X ACT304472A;Slavery is a positive good;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304473N;Charles Goodyear;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304473D;A pioneer in the development of practical applications for rubber, Goodyear is most known for his 1844 patent for a process which increases the elasticity of rubber, which became known as vulcanization.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304474N;Independent Treasury Act;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304474D;After the repeal of the Second National Bank, the United States was left without a federal banking system. In an attempt to regulate national banking with the dangers of a national bank, Congress proposed the Independent Treasury Act, which would allow the federal government to control its own money.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304474A;No centralized banking system - repeal the Act;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304474B;Moderate position - support the Act;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304474C;Tighter financial control - support the revival of a National Bank;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304475N;James Fenimore Cooper;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304475D;America's first major novelist, whose stories of frontier adventure delighted readers, including 'The Last of the Mohicans,' 'The Deerslayer,' and The Pathfinder,' the last published in 1841.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304476N;Brook Farm Institute;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304476D;n experiment in cooperative living at West Roxbury, Mass., Brook Farm was designed as a progressive community, with advanced ideas in education, transcendentalism, and central living. While the educational aspects was a success, the farming showed little profit due to sandy soil and inexperienced farmers, while financial troubles doomed the project by 1847.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304476A;Let's try to live together;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304477N;Horace Greeley and the New York 'Tribune';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304477D;Founded in 1841, the New York 'Tribune' was a newspaper with a surprisingly moral tone, campaigning against alcohol, tobacco, gambling, prostitution, and capital punishment. The paper would serve as a vehicle for Horace Greeley to become one of the most influential voices in the United States in the mid-19th century.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304477A;Read all about it!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304478N;Dorothea Dix;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304478D;A crusader for the humane treatment of insane persons for more than twenty years, Dorothea Dix, soon to be known as Dragon Dix, was appointed as head of all women nurses in hospitals in June 1861. A strict administrator, she insisted on a certain level of competence and manner from her nurses, and made the nursing staff more efficient during the war.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304478A;A firm healing hand;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304479N;'A Treatise on Domestic Economy';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304479D;A compendium of domestic labor and housekeeping, Catherine Beecher's 1841 pamphlet, like her life, promoted the importance of women's labor and brought all facets of home life into a single volume that was uniquely American.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304479A;To be mothers and teachers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304480N;Dorr's Rebellion;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304480D;Named for its leader, Thomas W. Dorr, it was a protest against the government of Rhode Island, which was still operating under the conservative Charter of 1663. The Dorrites held their own convention, adopted their own consitution, and elected Dorr as governor. The legal governor, King, imposed martial law and Dorr was imprisoned. Reforms were quickly adopted, however.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304480A;Give us our rights!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304481N;Philadelphia Nativist Riots;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304481D;After Catholic immigrants had Philadelphia's Protestant-controlled school system secularized, the nativist populace took to the streets, with major riots in the summer of 1844, leading to significant property loss and a handful of deaths.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304481A;They must conform!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304482N;Anti-Rent Wars;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304482D;Agitated by the old feudal patroonship system of land tenure, which dated back to the Dutch period, tenants protested attempts by officials to evict them from their land for lack of rent. The agitation led to a state constitutional convention in 1846, and complete reform of land tenure in New York State.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304483N;The Use of Anesthesia;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304483D;In 1845 and 1846, two partners in dental practice, Horace Wells and William Morton, began the use of gas to mitigate pain during surgery. Wells was first, and used laughing gas, while Morton would work with ether. Their work was pioneering in the field of medicine.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304486N;Clayton-Bulwer Treaty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304486D;Rivalry over a potential Central American canal led to the conclusion of a treaty between the United States and Great Britain, that said neither would begin construction of a Central American canal without consulting the other, and that neither would have exclusive control of it. It was a very unpopular treaty.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304487N;Sojourner Truth;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304487D;A former slave turned abolitionist and a women's suffragist, Isabella Baumfree became 'Sojourner Truth' and was known for her oratory on abolitionism and tireless work for women's rights. In a speech at a women's convention in 1851 in Akron, Ohio, she uttered the phrase 'Ain't I a woman?' which became her trademark.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304487A;Ain't I a woman?;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304490N;Otis and the Elevator;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304490D;Elisha Graves Otis perfected the first safety elevator in 1852, an invention that would eventually allow buildings to be constructed taller than ever before, and was partly responsible for the development of the skyscraper. The first passenger elevator would be installed in 1857.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304491N;Juan Cortina;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304491D;After witnessing the injustice dealt to Mexicans by Anglo settlers and marshals, Cortina became an outlaw and led an attack on Brownsville, Texas, proclaiming the Republic of Rio Grande and crying Death to the Gringos! The Army would later chase him off into Mexico, where he became a partisan in the many conflicts in that country.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304492N;Titusville;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304492D;The first oil well in the United States was drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859, which would eventually usher a revolution in fuel and transportation and would give rise to John Rockefeller and his Standard Oil.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304493N;Pottawattamie Creek;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304493D;Fiery abolitionist John Brown led a party of anti-slavery settlers in an attack on pro-slavery settlers at Pottawattamie Creek in Kansas, where they bloodily hacked five men to death, spurring a violent reaction against he and his followers.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304493A;Whoa!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304494N;New York - American Reaction;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304494D;New England is trying to lure New York out of the Union! What are we going to do about it?!?;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304494A;Protest and crack down hard!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304494B;We will not tolerate this!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304494C;Let New York go;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304497N;Honduras Crisis;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304497D;The liberal Zelaya government in Nicaragua had long been a concern to the U.S., primarily because of the ambition of its President. An army of Honduran exiles has invaded Honduras in an attempt to topple its President, Manuel Bonilla, and it is widely believed that Zelaya is behind it. The government had to consider its course of action.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304497A;Intervene - send in the Marines!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304497B;We must not interfere in the affairs of others;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304497C;Silly banana republic!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304498N;US-Nicaraguan Treaty;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304498D;The investments of Vanderbilt in Nicaragua and the move to secure a canal route prompted the United States to move in and formalize a treaty guaranteeing those rights, which upset British interests greatly.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304498A;Conclude a treaty;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304498B;No need to upset Britain;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304499N;The Nicaraguan Intervention;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304499D;The United States was growing tired of Nicaragua's northern dictator, Jose Santos Zelaya, having had to restrain his ambitions in Honduras and through his machinations with other great powers. Anti-Zelaya revolts in 1909 soon generated calls for intervening once and for all in Nicaragua and overthrowing Zelaya.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304499A;Intervene - topple Zelaya!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304499B;Leave him alone;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304499C;It's not the man, it's the country;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304500N;Texas Agrees to Statehood;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304500D;Texas has agreed to statehood.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304501N;The Coinage Act of 1873;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304501D;The United States had been on a bimetalism standard of gold and silver since Alexander Hamilton instituted it in 1792. In 1873, there was a great debate on how to set the value of silver to gold. When this ratio was less than market value, gold was less valuable and you had a de facto silver standard. If the market price rose, however, you had a standard tied to lucrative gold. The passage of the Coinage Act would, in effect, be the instutition of a single standard, from silver to gold.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304501A;Institute the ratio - single standard;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304501B;The traditional standard is fine;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304502N;Silver Devaluation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304502D;In the early 1870s the market price of gold was lower than silver, which in effect made silver the standard for currency in the United States. As more countries adopted the gold standard in the 1870s, gold prices rose and the United States moved to a de facto gold standard, which was very unpopular amongst the poorer classes in the country.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304502A;What do you want us to do about it?;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304502B;Amend the Coinage Act;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304502C;For the people - repeal the Coinage Act;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304503N;Panic of 1873;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304503D;The failure of Jay Cooke and Company, the countrys preeminent investment banking company, signalled a chain of events which led to financial disaster in 1873. The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days, credit dried up, and banks foreclosed. The country struggled with an economy on the ropes.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304503A;The economy is in shambles!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304504N;Country Recovers;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304504D;It took the United States almost five years to fully recover from the Panic of 1873.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304504A;Things are returning to normal;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304510N;The Russian Fleet Visits the United States;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304510D;During the American Civil War, the Russian Fleet visited Union-held ports along the East and West Coasts. The boost to Union morale was sorely needed at the time.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304510A;Huzzah for the Czar!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304511N;The Czar Declines the Invitation;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304511D;The Russians have declined the invitation to send their fleet to visit the Union. The President Lincoln later says,'But for God, we stand alone against the tyrants of the World.';;;;;;;;;;X ACT304511A;We stand alone, together;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304528N;Treaty of Wanghia;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304528D;Negotiated by Caleb Cushing, following the end of the first Opium War, the Treaty of Wanghia opened five Chinese ports to US merchants, ensured legal rights for Americans in China, and gave the USA 'most favored nation' status. It was the first step in American involvement in China.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304528A;Send Cushing to negotiate;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304528B;China? Where's that?;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304529N;Third System Fort Construction Project, Phase I;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304529D;The U.S. experience in the War of 1812 proved to many military and political leaders of the time one certain fact: In areas defended by modern stone masonry forts and heavy artillery, British troops were unable to gain a foothold. Consequently, there was a strong movement in the 1830's and 1840's to rebuild the nation's decaying harbor fortifications.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304529A;Let us slowly build our defenses. Build Phase I only;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304529B;Our defenses must be completed now!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304529C;Fixed fortifications are a monument to the stupidty of man;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304530N;Third System Fort Construction Project, Phase II;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304530D;During the Civil War, these forts became to focal point for many famous battles, such as New Orleans (1862) and Mobile Bay (1864). While very expensive, they provided a strong sense of security to the port cities they protected, as well as lucrative contracts for local firms.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304530A;Begin Phase II Construction;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304530C;We have enough fortresses. End the project;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304531N;Third System Fort Construction Project, Final Phase;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304531D;The final system of coastal fortifications is ready for completion. These forts are armed with the newest heavy artillery and supporting field guns.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304531A;It is money well spent;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304532N;The War of the Pig;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304532D;Tensions between the US and Great Britain were so high that on San Juan Island near Seattle, a dispute over a farmer's pig nearly drove both sides into war.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304532A;Buy him a new pig;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304532B;England owes us a new pig;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304532C;By God, that was an American Pig!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304575N;Fugitive Slave Act;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304575D;As part of the Compromise, the North consented to the passage of a Fugitive Slave Act, which offended Northern sensibilities, and, when the federal government elected to enforce it, led to riots in Northern cities.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304575A;Enforce it;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304575B;Show restraint;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304579N;John Brown's Raid;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304579D;In an attempt to provoke a general slave revolt and lead a direct attack on slavery, fierce abolitionist John Brown and 21 men - 5 whites, 16 blacks - led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, where they hoped to acquire arms for their planned uprising. The raid backfired and the raiders were pinned down by local citizens until the army, under Colonel Robert E. Lee, arrived and took him into custody. There was some debate on what to do with John Brown.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304579A;Execute him;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304579B;Don't make a martyr - imprison him;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304580N;Southern Home Guards;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304580D;The increasing sectional tensions in the 1850s led many in the South to the conclusion that they might have to defend their beliefs and way of life with more than just oratory. Stemming from the outcry from the Fugitive Slave Act and John Brown's Raid, southerners began to reconstitute their state militias, or 'Home Guards,' a movement that was to be the backbone of the future Confederate army.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304580A;We dare defend;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304580B;A call to arms isn't necessary;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304584N;The Pathfinder;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304584D;During seven expeditions, covering over 20,000 miles of western exploration and mapping surveys, John C. Fremont helped map the West and became internationally known as The Pathfinder. Accompanied by famous mountain men such as Kit Carson, his expeditions opened up pioneer trails for settlers moving to Oregon and California.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304586N;Frederick Douglass;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304586D;One of the foremost leaders of the abolition movement, Douglass was an escaped slave who became one of the foremost orators of the anti-slavery cause. He attained great prominence when his autobiography was published in 1845, and two years later when he began publishing the newspaper, 'North Star.';;;;;;;;;;X ACT304586A;What to the slave is the 4th of July?;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304590N;Churches Split Over Slavery;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304590D;The issue of slavery led to divisions in almost all aspects of society, including America's churches. The Presbyterians split in 1838, while the Methodists and Baptists severed in 1845 into pro and anti-slavery factions.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304591N;House Divided Speech;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304591D;The Republican Convention met in Springfield, Illinois, to nominate their candidate for Senator. The nominee, Abraham Lincoln, gave a speech that night which produced one of the enduring phrases of the day - 'a house divided against itself cannot stand.';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304592N;Lincoln-Douglas Debates;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304592D;National attention focused on Illinois, where in a series of debates the relatively unknown Abraham Lincoln faced off against the well-known Stephen Douglas. The debates brought the issue of slavery to the fore. It was the concept of 'the house divided' versus 'popular sovereignty.';;;;;;;;;;X EVT304593N;The Impending Crisis;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304593D;Written by author Hinton Rowan Helper, the book was an attack on slavery, not just on moral grounds, but on economic grounds as a threat to poor whites. The book outraged the South, where it was banned, while the Republican Party distributed over 100,000 copies in the north.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304594N;Slave Trade Abolished in the District of Columbia;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304594D;As part of the Compromise legislation, the slave trade was abolished in the capital District of Columbia.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304595N;New England Emigrant Aid Society;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304595D;In March 1854, Eli Thayer, a prominent Massachusetts abolitionist created the Massachusetts, later New England Emigrant Aid Society, for the purpose of encouraging free soil settlers to move to Kansas to promote the abolitionist cause in that territory.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304596N;Bible and Rifle;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304596D;Abolitionist settlers moving to Kansas from Connecticut arranged to purchase Sharps Rifles at $25 apiece, to help protect them from pro-slavery settlers in 'Bleeding Kansas.' Along with the rifles came 25 Bibles donated by parishoners. Henry Ward Beecher urged them to use both the rifle and the Bible to advance their cause.;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304597N;Legal Tender Act;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304597D;Having taken steps to preserve its supplies of precious metals, the U.S. still faced a vast shortage of currency, something in dire need to aid the war effort. Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase advocated the Legal Tender Act, which would allow the federal government to issue paper currency of its own, or greenbacks, to help fund the war.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304597A;We need the money!;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304597B;No more paper money!;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304598N;Contraction Act;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304598D;The end of the Civil War decreased the funding crisis that had brought about the creation of a national currency, the greenbacks. As Treasury officials took stock, paying off debts and trying to restore fiscal order, there was a growing call to reverse the emergency measures of the war and decrease the amount of greenbacks in circulation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304598A;Decrease greenbacks;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304598B;It would be too disruptive;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304598C;Completely remove greenbacks;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304599N;Greenback Policy;;;;;;;;;;X EVT304599D;After several years of attempts to recall and retire greenbacks, the Treasury Department began to realize the harmful effects this was having on the national economy. There were renewed arguments on the wisdom of trying to withdraw greenbacks from circulation.;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304599A;Halt greenback withdrawal;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304599B;Compromise - limit withdrawals;;;;;;;;;;X ACT304599C;We must be tough - withdraw greenbacks;;;;;;;;;;X